Cloud Based Gaming

Cloud Based Gaming [pic] By Gautam Gogoi 10BM60028 Vinod Gupta School of Management Abstract Imagine how great it would be if you could play a high end game like Far Cry 2 or Crysis on your netbook or your mobile. This is what cloud based video game providers like Onlive or Otoy promise. The entire processing of the games will be done in the cloud or servers maintained by the provider while the game will run in your browser and you will be sending the responses through the web. In this paper the effects of these changes on the Video Game industry and Gaming as a whole will be studied.The feasibility, limitations, challenges of this idea and the various players presently working on this new technology and their present progress in this regards will also be looked at. Initially it is planned as a paid service. But the possibility of all the costs to be covered by advertisement and nominal subscription costs as per economies of scale will also be analyzed. Video games and the Video Game Industry The definition of video game as per wikipedia is as follows- â€Å"A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device.The electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms; examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld devices. † Below is shown the block diagram of a video game. The input device and the processor constitute the platform. Various examples of platforms are Computers, Play Station, X-Box, Nintendo Wii, mobile phones etc. The input devices are normally joypads or keyboards. A game software is a piece of software which is run by the processor to generate the required environment ith specific goals which the user has to achieve. It also defines the rules about what should happen in case of particular responses from the user. It has to be bought separately and plugged into the platform for the user to play the game. The display device may or may not be a part of the platform. Usually in case of computers and handheld device, it is a part of the platform, while for devices like Play Station and X Box, it is not a part of the platform. [pic] Any video game involves the interaction with the platform through an Input device.The input is then passed on to the processor, which processes the inputs to generate appropriate outcomes using a game software. These outcomes are then displayed on the display. According to the outcomes displayed on the display, the user again takes necessary steps which are again transmitted to the processor through the input device. This cycle takes place continuously and the user interacts with the platform to control a person or a team on real time basis to propel it towards its goal, which can vary from killing an opponent to winning a game.This process keeps on going till the final outcome of the game is reached (all levels cle ared) or if the user reaches the termination stage (game over). Video games have existed since 1950s in various forms. But it is in the last 10-15 years, that it has grown exponentially. This growth can be attributed to the growing computing powers of the PCs and various other devices. It started initially as a thing for the kids. But today it is meant for adults as well, with adults and teenagers comprising of a huge chunk. In fact, as per a report by Entertainment Software Association, the average age of gamers in America is 35.This can be partly associated with the increased maturity and complexity of games and also with the fact that, people who used to play games earlier have grown up but still continue to play games. Microsoft Flight simulator, is a very good example of a very complex and realistic game with even real pilots using it as a simulator to test their skills. Age of Empires is another wonderful game with large business connotations. Here you can build an entire empi re and conquer all other empires to become the ruler of the entire land. With games such as this, it s no surprise that video games are no longer things that are just for the kids. Another very wrong conception is the fact that video game is a small industry. The video game industry is infact a behemoth which earned a revenue of $41. 9 Billion in 2007. It has already surpassed the music and the movie industry and is closing on to the book and the DVD industry. But the game makers have specially been impacted by piracy. According to a survey by the Computer Entertainment Suppliers Association (CESA), the PSP and the DS lost approximately $41. 7 billion in sales from 2004 to 2009.Rampant piracy in places like India and China has specially impacted the PC Game makers. So bad is piracy that companies have stopped making games for places like China, because no one will buy them there. Also the sales from console based versions normally exceed PC based versions inspite of the large user b ase of the PCs. An example is that of Unreal Tournament 3 PC version selling 34,000 while the Playstation 3 version selling 86,633 in its first month. The major players include Sony, Nintendo and Microsoft with the platforms and game makers like Electronic Arts, Eidos, Konami etc.Among the platforms, Sony Playstation is the most popular one. Some simple games have already come out in a cloud based approach. Facebook games are a prime example of this. But this paper does not deal with these types of games. Rather this paper deals with more complex games like crysis, call of duty etc which require much higher processing power. But games like those present in facebook, provide interesting clues to the direction in which cloud based gaming (I will refer to this word in this paper to mean high end games hosted and running from the cloud and not the facebook games) will lead.Keeping this in mind lets look at some of the key characteristics of the Facebook games. Facebook games are immense ly popular among people specially the more aged ones. More than 200 million play games on facebook in a month and the top ten games have more than 12 million active users each. A very crucial reason for this is that these games are free. Also it is a fairly new phenomenon and as such the novelty concept is another reason for a large number of users. The revenue for these games comes from analytics about the users playing the games and from advertisement. Also the nature of games is very different.The game mainly focuses on cumulative effort. You will get more rewards if more of your friends play the game, or if you make friends while playing those games who will help you during the game. The most important learnings from these facebook are the user base and the revenue model which provides these games free of cost. The large user base and the popularity of these games across people of all ages is an evidence of the potential of cloud based gaming. As we progress through this paper, the revenue model of cloud based gaming will also be studied keeping the revenue model of facebook games in mind.Cloud Based Gaming an introduction In cloud based gaming, the processor and the program are present in the cloud (internet). The input is sent to the processor through the internet. Also the processor sends the visual signals to the display device through the internet. As shown in the figure the red arrows represent links using the internet. The game usually runs on an internet browser on the side of the user. [pic] The service provider will be maintaining the parts inside the cloud and will charge a monthly rate from the users who will avail this service.This rate can be a lump sum amount for a certain period of time or it can be on the basis of number of hours used. As the game runs on the cloud, it will result in optimal utilization of processing powers as a result of balancing of troughs and crests of various users. Let’s take an example of a game to see how th is works. Suppose you are playing Fifa, a football simulation game. The game will be installed and running on the servers of the provider. The game will be displayed on your system through your internet browser. You will use your keyboard to give inputs to the game.Suppose you want to shoot the football. You will press the appropriate button on your keyboard, which will then be sent to the servers of the provider through internet. The processing about the shot will take place on the server using the game software. The outcome of your shot will then be transmitted to your system and the display through the internet. This process will then be repeated as you keep playing the game. Impact of Cloud Based Gaming- Cloud based gaming will have an immense impact on the gaming industry as a whole and will also impact the computer hardware industry.The various impacts are mentioned below 1. Platform independent gaming – This will be one of the biggest impacts of cloud based gaming. As games will now be hosted on the clouds, platforms will become redundant. The entire processing will then be shifted to the clouds. All you will need is a device which can access the internet, display the game and send inputs to the cloud. As such it will result in the end of consoles (in the long run). We will be able to enjoy the same games on netbooks, mobiles, tablet PCs, etc. This will also result in reduction of demand of high end PCs for gaming.This is because, the moment the processing is shifted to the cloud, same resource will be shared by many users, thereby optimizing the use of processing power. 2. Game players will increase exponentially- Platform independence will result in a larger number of users or gamers. This is subject to the rate charged for the same, but considering the optimal use of resources and the economies of scale, the prices will definitely be lesser than what it costs now. This will also depend on the acceptance of the idea by the general public which will be discussed later. 3.Crackdown on piracy- As the games will be installed on the servers, piracy will be stopped. Whoever wants to play games has to take a subscription. The game makers will get their share of revenue from the providers. This will have an uplifting effect on the industry. As more people pay for games, the cost per user will go down. This will in turn induce more people to join in. This positive feedback loop can finally lead to much more affordable gaming. 4. Nature of games to change from single player based to multi player based- As all games will be played online, the ocus will be more on developing multi player based games. This is already taking place, but with time even more emphasis will be paid to multi player modes specially those involving much larger number of players than those playing today. 5. Massive scope of advertisement as a result of high number of users- With large number of users comes the scope of advertisement. This can be another crucial factor in reducing the price which will again lead to more users. It is an added advantage that people of most age groups play games. As such, the scope of advertisement increases further.Challenges and Hurdles – Although the benefits are numerous and the effects far reaching, there are many challenges and hurdles which have to be cleared for the benefits are to be realized. Lets look at the main hurdles towards this 1. Latency Issues- The time lag between the pressing of a button and the corresponding action will be a major deciding factor regarding how well this service is accepted by the gamers. Normally there is a lag of about 60-70 ms when we run games on our systems. But reaching to these levels at HD resolution and 60 fps (frame per seconds) is a huge technological challenge.Infact many people have commented that reaching to these levels of latency will not be possible. But Onlive tests have shown a latency of about 140 ms at 30 fps. Although this might not be accepta ble to hard core gamers, but casual gamers will be more than satisfied with this. 2. Video Compression- Cloud based gaming will require transmission of HD videos at real time basis. For this to be possible without any delay, some form of video compression must be used. 3. Resource sharing of the server- This is another crucial factor. Ideally one server should be dedicated for each user, but it is not possible practically.Using one server for many less demanding games will be problematic as all games assume that they own the server’s resources exclusively. Also many servers used in processing of single game will lead to problems of transmission of data among the GPU’s as lot of data is generated in the running of games. When achieved, proper utilizing of server resources will enable the providers to further reduce the subscription cost by reducing idle server time. 4. Convincing users to migrate to this platform- A big challenge will be to convince users to move to thi s new platform.Hard core gamers will be the hardest to convince because of things like latency issues. Also as most gamers already have a system at this moment, they will not migrate unless their systems have become outdated. So the migration will take place slowly as computers and consoles start becoming outdated. Many of the benefits will not be realized unless economies of scale are achieved and therefore this is a very crucial thing for the success of this idea. 5. High speed and dependable internet connection- This is a absolute necessity if cloud based gaming is to be experienced.Onlive, which is a provider of cloud based gaming specifies 3 Mbps connection as the minimum required and 5Mbps as the recomended to use this service. Apart from speed, dependability is another important factor. The speed has to be uniform. Otherwise, the game will get stuck in between resulting in inability to play the game. Although this might seem a problem now, with time and advancement, this will soon cease to be a problem. 6. Handling a large number of users- At present Onlive is providing cloud based gaming but the user base is very small. It is to be seen how they can manage to cope with vastly more users as time progresses.But this problem should be solved with time. Current Players Now let us look at the current players who have been working with this technology. Here we will study the current state they are in, how they have overcome the hurdles and their revenue model Onlive- It is the first company to come out with a model of cloud based gaming. Founded by Steve Perlman, a renowned entrepreneur and inventor in the field of video games, it has started its services from July 2010. The executive team also includes other renown figures like Mike McGarvey, a former CEO of Eidos Interactive and Tom Paquin, key developer of Netscape and a founder of mozilla org.At present the monthly rental is 15$ and apart from that you also have to buy games separately. It has also come out with many popular games like Unreal Tournament, Prince of Persia, NBA etc. The reviews about the service have been mixed. Latency for the games have been found to be between 150-210 ms. Video quality also has been variable due to the video compression used. But framerate and graphics were on an average found to be good. The video compression has been managed by a proprietary compression system. Here the screen is divided into 16 parts and each part gets its own encoder.Another thing they have done is the ability to retain and reuse most of the earlier video information. This is possible also across the various frames also. So if an object is moving from one frame to another, the same video data is used again to create the effect. The data centers are 5 in number with onlive going for a concentrated system rather than a spread out system. David Perry of Gaikai has criticized this by saying that distance is a critical thing in online cloud based services like this. Time will tell if this concentrated approach will indeed lead to lags or delays in the service.The pricing structure of Onlive has been a serious put off. Games infact cost as much as much as DVDs. Add to that the monthly subscription cost. So even if you own a game, you will not be able to play it if your subscription gets over. But as this is just the beginning, costs are expected to be reduced with time and as more users start using this service. But in terms of technology, onlive is right up there. It has proven the technological feasibility of the idea and only time will tell us about the financial feasibility of the same. They are portraying themselves as a replacement of consoles.They are even planning to come out with mini consoles that use the onlive service to deliver gaming service to televisions etc. But the present technology has a long way to go before it can compete with the consoles. The present system cannot compete with consoles for performance and as such most gamers will not mi grate very soon. A critical thing for onlive will be increasing its user base. If it can manage to do so, it can provide games at much lower rates. It can also look for advertisements to further reduce the user costs. But till then, it has to slog it out against the existing consoles.Gaikai- Founded by David Perry, one of the best known Video Game Industry veterans, Gaikai is another player in the cloud gaming sphere, but it has a slightly different model than onlive. Having received funds from TriplePoint Capital, Rustic Canyon Partners, Benchmark Capital it is also backed by Intel and Limelight Networks. Game companies like Electronic Arts and InstantAction have already signed up to use its service. The executive team also includes Michael Bowen, who was previously Director of Technical Operations at Facebook as well as VP of Operations at Sony Online Entertainment.They are expected to come out with a Beta in December 2010. Although based on the same idea, the business model of Ga ikai is quite different from that of Onlive. Gaikai is positioning itself as a service which allows users to test or try out new software. Suppose you are reading about a new game and you want to check out how it feels to play or use it. This is where Gaikai comes in. It will enable you to test run the software or game without the need of any download or installation. If you like it you can then proceed to buy that game. Gaikai will get its revenue from the software manufacturer who will pay for each purchase.So Gaikai is not competing directly with console makers and rather it is cooperating with them. Although this idea is not as radical as Onlive’s, it is still a very effective idea with numerous applications. The possibility of testing a software can influence many more users to buy this software. Also this can act like a launchpad for full fledged cloud gaming service. Gaikai also differs in the way it will distribute its data centers. While Onlive and Otoy are planning few large data centers, Gaikai is planning about 300 smaller centers across the US.They say that this way they can reduce the distance between the user and the data center. As such the performance of the service will be better. Otoy- Founded by Jules Urbach, Otoy was the first to promise cloud based gaming. But it has only come to prominence recently after finalizing deals with AMD, Intel and Nvidia. Infact AMD has been making a special graphics supercomputer which will be used by Otoy. The minnows among the three companies pursuing this technology, it plans to launch its services in summer next year. Its business model is not clear, but is expected to be in line with Otoy’s one.Also it is planning to provide HD services of games, movies and applications through its services. The way ahead With Onlive already coming out with its services and the others expected to come out very soon, the market is expected to heat up and attract a lot of users. But the main question is that w ill sufficient users be attracted to this service. The hardest thing will be to convince the users to migrate to this new platform. The most obvious outcome will be that initially these services will coexist along with the presently existing consoles and platforms.The hard core gamers will not easily migrate to this new platform and will be the last to migrate. Initially casual gamers will start using these services who do not own a very powerful system. But a lot will depend on the rate or price that will be charged. Till the prices are high, the number of users will not increase and most of the benefits will not be achieved. So according to me this service will continue to be an elite service for some years with people slowly adapting to this new service. But with the growth and advancement of technology, the prices will go down. The quality of the service will also increase substantially.This will further encourage more people to join into this service. A lot depends on the patie nce of the firms and how long they are able to wait to reach profitable levels, because this technology will be accepted slowly. The three players presently in this field might not reap the full benefits of this, but this is surely a winning idea and someone will surely reap full benefits of this in the years to come. The tipping point will be reached when the user base will be large and diverse enough to support advertisement. Advertisement will further reduce the costs and as such encourage even more people to join in. nly at such low levels of prices will people from India and China be encouraged to join into this service. India and China are the key to this service because these are the two places with most of the people and maximum piracy. When people from these two countries will start joining this service, the number of users will start rising exponentially. Piracy will be reduced and game makers will start receiving more revenues, specially from people who were earlier using pirated versions of the same games. The actual benefits of cloud based gaming will then be realized. But there is a catch to this.Many people play games because they are free, specially in India and China. If games become available only through the cloud, piracy will be stopped. As such many people might stop playing games. Therefore it is very important that the prices reach to a sufficiently low level to coerce such persons to try them out. I firmly believe that the things mentioned here have a very high probability of happening. The biggest reason which makes me believe this is the rate at which technology is advancing. With the growth in processing powers of computers and growth in internet bandwidths cloud based gaming is actually very near.Another reason is the win win situation for all the players. With growing piracy it is natural that game makers will start taking measures to prevent it. Cloud based gaming is a very natural way to fight piracy. If the users do not have acc ess to the games, how will they make illegal copies of them. Conclusion Cloud computing has revolutionized the computing world. Google, Amazon, Microsoft are heavily investing in it because it is the thing for the future. Already application like Google Docs and many corporate softwares are running from the cloud.So it is natural that games also go to the clouds. Running application from the cloud enables better use of idle system time, thereby optimizing the use of computing powers. Also it is much more easier to upgrade the software or hardware as the updation has to be done only on the server and not all individual machines of the users. In cloud based gaming, the processing will take place in a server and it will communicate with the users system through the internet. Benefits will include reduced piracy, increased user base, platform independent gaming and scope for advertisement.Hurdles include latency issues, resource sharing model at server level, video compression technique s etc. The present players in this field include Onlive, Gaikai and Otoy. As a gamer, the scope and potential of cloud based gaming really excites me. Imagine how great it would be if we could play our favorite games right from our mobiles and compete with players using various platforms like consoles or PC. The whole dynamics of games will change and they will cease to be a single player based games. The important thing will be collaboration between the various players.Games will start involving a huge number of players at a same time like it happens in Massive multiplayer online role-playing game. We will no longer be bothered by upgrading of computers and inability to play games because our systems do not support them. All you have to do is to open your browser, and all the processing will be done in the clouds. References- 1. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Video_game 2. http://www. theesa. com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2009. pdf 3. http://www. grabstats. com/statcategorymain. asp? StatC atID=13 4. http://vgsales. wikia. com/wiki/Video_game_industry 5. http://www. canada. om/topics/technology/games/story. html? id=ae936f84-8def-457d-b07a-40099252278d 6. http://gamer. blorge. com/2010/06/07/video-game-piracy-costs-industry-41-billion/ 7. http://techcrunch. com/2010/09/21/200-million-people-are-playing-facebook-games/ 8. http://www. onlive. com/support/performance 9. http://www. gamasutra. com/view/news/30537/Opinion_Give_Cloud_Gaming_A_Chance. php 10. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/OnLive 11. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Steve_Perlman ———————– Display Processor Game Software Input Device User Display Processor Program Input Device User

Careless Whisper

Same with tactless, reckless, stupid.- the one who whispers, demand, control. â€Å"CARELESS WHISPERER† – it has something to do about our consciousness, conscience, and common sense as the one who whispers us to be careless.Authors: Raff yeoman Halibuts Glacial Marie Pedro okay Cyril clawing Diane Ethel Rodriguez herald taupe Date and place of composition: august 24, 2013 – event/topic thought by the group that took place in Xavier university's library fifth flu, around pm- pm August 27, 2013 – the topic was scudded by the group and shared inputs/ideas how to write about the topic. This was done in McDonald's divisor around pm- pm. August 30, 2013 – the group was able to write about the topic and starts to combine the work. This was done in raff yeoman's place around 1 pm- pm.August 31, 2013 – finalization of work, editing, and posting it to formal output. This was done in glacial marries place around pm- pm. The readers: The readers of this project are mainly the general public. Meaning everyone, everyone who's stupid enough to think that they are responsible regardless of the airless acts that they have been doing. PURPOSE: In our time now, a lot of people are in great trouble about being a responsible person. Responsible person towards themselves, other people, to the environment, and most especially to God.Are this people aware of what they have been doing? Do they think before they do something so careless to the extent of having the cost of others? This â€Å"careless† topic hopes to enlighten our minds and open our eyes to the naked truth of the obvious risk and reality of danger in the present. Contents: the contents of this project are the events/incidents that we have been witnessed on lily living. An act of carelessness has been witnessed after a high school student of Xavier university falls from the second floor of the university gymnasium.It happened outside the building barricade. Not considering the danger, the kid risk his chances jumping off the metal bars to get the ball. The floor was slippery for it was raining had made the major contribution on making him fall directly to the solid ground. The kid was not moving when I saw him. A campus security responded to him immediately and called for rescue. As I saw the kid's mouth drawing lots of blood, I felt bad for him. His careless act and decision almost put his life to an end. Students also are subject to several acts of carelessness.Irresponsible tardiness and absences are so common. Always absent, cutting classes, afterwards keep themselves pressured for they almost consumed the allowable absences. Lack of self discipline is one major problem. Not doing home works and projects. Not participating in class. And when it's time for grading, asking the teacher â€Å"WHY I GOT FAILED†, â€Å"WHY I GOT LOW GRADES†. They should have asked themselves if they did their best. If they are worthy for those grades that they been dreaming. Another incident that can be considered as â€Å"careless† happened a year ago, along Bali highway. Hen a driver still drives a public Jeep even when he was in the influence of alcohol. He was so careless that he even brought his son with him and let it sit beside him in the front seat. He should have considered his condition and think that he was in charge of the many lives of his passenger. As a result of his stupid reckless act, the Jeep that he was driving got an accident that leads to the death of 3 people and several injured including his son. He should have taken extra are thinking that his son is in the vehicle.And nevertheless should haven't drive through his condition. Carelessness leads also to the cost of the environment to go against us. This is when the former leaders of our society disregard the issue of illegal anti- environmental activities in Canaan De ROR. This includes illegal mining, illegal logging, and toleration of improper waste ma nagement. This careless act brought a massive effect after super typhoon sending hit the northern Mindanao. That was indeed a very powerful typhoon that can really caused a massive and tragic event.But the carelessness of our leaders had multiplied the damage it brought. Trees that may have slowed the falsehood were gone, drainage that should give way to the water were clogged by garbage. If leaders have took full responsibility and foreseen something like it, they should have initiated full authority and made precautions for it. All carelessness leads us to be apart from God. For we may hurt everyone and everything that he made. We may be able to be sorry for it, and be forgiven. Maybe we'll realize it sooner or later, but the fact is â€Å"the damage has been done†.

The Thoughts of Carl Jung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Thoughts of Carl Jung - Essay Example Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 on the Swiss shore of Lake Constance to Paul and Emilie Jung, a village pastor and the youngest daughter of a famous-but-eccentric theologian (Stevens, 2001, p. 2). Jung's father died when he was still in school and, although his first career choice was that of a medical doctor, he was precluded from pursuing this career path due to the fact that he could not afford to do so; he opted instead, to go to work as an assistant at the Bergholzli asylum proximate to Zurich (Daniels, 2003, p. 24). He met and developed a friendship with Sigmund Freud, with whom he corresponded often until a series of philosophical and perceptive differences caused the break (Stevens, 2001, pp. 18-24). He married and had a family and, although seemingly happy with his wife Emma, nevertheless engaged in several well-documented affairs. After World War I, he spent much of his time traveling and writing much of the work we have today. He died in 1961. There are many aspects of Jung's life and experiences that can be seen in his subsequent work; so much so that they lie far beyond the scope of this paper. There are a few, however, that should be mentioned to provide context for the theories and his contribution to society which follow. The first is the environment in which Jung developed. In speaking of the period of time between the 1870s and 1930s, one author notes that "the major disciplinary and theoretical forms of modern psychology and psychotherapy were established" (Shamdasani, 2003, p. 10). It was in this culture of change and development that Jung went to school, spent nine years at the Bergholzli asylum, formed and broke his relationship with Freud, had his many dreams and near-psychotic breaks, and generally formed the foundations of his thinking. Many of his theories, three of which are named below, can be traced to this developmental era of re-thinking the philosophy and science of psychology. Another event in Jung's life that bears mention is his relationship with his mother. Specifically when, as a young boy who slept with his father (his parents kept separate bedrooms), she had a breakdown "for which she had to spend several months in the hospital, and this enforced separation at a critical stage in his development seems to have affected Jung for the rest of his life" (Stevens, 2001, p. 3). This maternal separation seemed to have had a great influence on his concept of "anima (the female complex in his unconscious)", and is cited as a possible reason for his numerous affairs as well as his apparent habit of surrounding himself with women (Stevens, 2001, pp. 26-27). A third influential event would have to be his six year correspondence and friendship with Sigmund Freud. As Jung developed from student to an independent thinker, he was often suppressed by Freud, particularly when his ideas expanded

Marketing management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Marketing management - Assignment Example According to Michman, Mazze and Greco (114), market orientation refers to execution of promotion theories to provide a coordinated achievement of both personal and social goal within the organization. Market orientation also takes into consideration the move taken by rivals of the company and engages plans that will result to better performance than their rivals. The aim market orientation is to focus on the desires of the consumers and produce those products they desire while monitoring the actions of the rivals to ensure they don’t take over the market (Kwon, 76). Unilever is a London-based company dealing with consumer goods and have several branches in other different parts of the world (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 345). They have excellent management marketing that interconnect building of products name, carrying out promotion activities, developing new products , packaging and designing marketing approaches to generate cash for the organization. The company management has also incorporated market orientation in their managerial activities whereby the marketers scrutinize what their clients love and demand to know why they love it (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 411). This enables them to make the products that suit the needs of the

Research Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Proposal - Dissertation Example Solar energy, if harnessed to its fullest, can provide the whole world with more than enough energy for a year, in just a single day. Science and technology is still far from that point. Solar energy harnessing with today’s inventions is still expensive and inefficient, making this a very exploitable research field, with the promise of a better world. Solar energy will soon come out as a multibillion dollar industry, and only those nations will prosper through it, which spend time, efforts and money in this field today. Solar energy harnessing through photovoltaic cells is a very promising field. To enhance the efficiency, increasingly thin films are being prepared. PVs are made out of doped semiconducting materials, which have relatively high resistivity as compared to common good conductors. Thus, photovoltaic cells are coated with conducting materials on their surface. These are thin films themselves, whose sole purpose is to behave as a conducting medium. The coatings are done over the photovoltaic layers, such that they are present between the light source and the photovoltaic layer. This means that the coatings have to be highly transparent for light transmission as well. The materials employed for this purpose are termed as Transparent Conducting Oxides, which are nothing but doped oxides that have very high conductivity and transmission. TCOs may have a variety of functions, such as transparent electrical contacts, antireflection coatings and chemical barriers, in photovoltaic films (Perkins et. al. 20051). It is to be noted that the energy band gap theory suggests that transparency of a material is closely related to the electrical behavior of a material, more specifically its resistivity. Transparency of a material is higher if the band gap between the valence and conduction band is high. If the band gap is high, the resistivity is high too. Thus it is difficult to have both high transparency and low resistivity together. To achieve this, dopin g is done in selected semiconductors, which can modify their properties to give us transparent layers with high conduction (Nave, 20102). A lot of research has been done in this field for over 50 years now and every project has led to the opening of a new chapter rather than closing out different chapters in the research. This is suggestive of the prospects of research in this field. The most important property of TCOs is their conductivity, and a lot of research has been done on that (Minami, 20003; Lewis and Paine, 20004) on aluminum doped zinc oxide, tin doped indium oxide, lead oxides, cadmium oxides, and their combinational oxides. These researches have indicated that there exists potential for engineered transparent conducting oxides to be formed with tailored properties (Freeman et. al. 20015). Transparency and light trapping has also been studied in detail in these papers. The main emphasis of the researches is to study composition-property behaviors. Some endeavors have als o been made for synthesis and characterization of these thin films (Banarjee et. al. 20036; Coutts and Young, 20007; Gurumurugan et. al. 19948; Freeman et. al. 2001). Researchers have also used surface characterization techniques to study how electrical, chemical and transparency properties of TCOs depend on the surface layer. The electronic/defect structure of the surface layers has a huge impact on the electrical properties of the layer

Comparison of satire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparison of satire - Essay Example First, his characters were chosen to represent types of people or some generalized aspect of human nature. In Tartuffe, he had characters that portrayed man's distrust of others and the pretentious side of men. The religious hypocrite in the play as well as the proud gentleman was examples of Moliere's building of a character for a satire such as Tartuffe. Second, after choosing the type of character, Molire created certain situations which would illustrate the abnormalities of this type of characters. He exposed the character to situations which demonstrated the character's deviation from the normal, socially accepted behavior. By this method, the audience soon became aware of both the nature of the type and the nature of his nonconformity with society. One of the most apparent uses of this technique would be in Tartuffe or The Bourgeois Gentleman. Third, in continuation of the above point, the play ended when the characters have been fully exposed and sufficiently evaluated their abnormalities. In a play like Tartuffe, however, Molire continued the play for an entire act longer than is often thought necessary. The fifth act of Tartuffe contributes little or nothing to the total view of the play and is a deliberate piece of flattery to the king. An excerpt of Scene I Act V: Last, since Molire's aim was to reveal characters in exemplary situations and expose their oddities, he never included any background information on the characters. All we know of the person consists of those basic traits seen operating at the moment on the stage. There was no additional information provided such as the family background or economic status of the characters. Although this type of drama, satire, necessitates a certain faith in the value of society, the dramatist does not necessarily dislike all of the aspects of his particular contemporary society. Laughter results from the unusual behavior of man that is really happening in the society. Moliere's play had controversies about its criticisms of the traditions and beliefs of religious people. As a result, he had problems in having permission to perform the play. Tartuffe's character according to Moliere was not a living example of the religious faith instead Tartufee was a religious hypocrite. The play presented different types of religious people such as those who pretend to be faithful (Tartuffe), those who are traditional Christians (Orgon) and those who believe that God wanted the people to enjoy all the good things in life such as flesh, power and luxury (Cleante). Moliere depicted the character of Orgon as a believer that men are born with the original sin and that men are bound to be

Theology and arts reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology and arts reflection paper - Essay Example This is due to their perceived insubordination to the government, which is attributed to their subscription to an alien Westernized culture. Apparently this culture is synonymously equated with the Christian faith (EndÃ…  and Johnston 31). The persecution of the foreign missionaries alongside their Japanese Christian faithful is thus traced back to the Japanese emperor’s concern about the Christianized Japanese inequality loyalty. This is in favor of the foreign Christian emissaries and to the defiance of the government’s directives. In addition, Japanese cultural ethnicity had a cognitively entrenched religious identity in form of Buddhism, which formed part of the Japanese ethnic identity (EndÃ…  and Johnston 18). Contrarily, Christianity challenged some of the religious ordinances of the Japanese tradition such as Buddhism due to their contravention with Christianity dogma teaching against idolatry. This was subsequently viewed as an attempt by the Japanese ethnic conservatism to obliterate and substitute Japanese ethnicity with Western European identity. On the other hand, the film â€Å"Mission† posits a purely evangelization missionary approach aimed at spreading Christianity as an integral part of the South American Gulani community cultural identity. The evangelism aspect of the missionary work amongst the Gulani community is exhibited by the mutual and harmonious coexistence between Christians and non-Christians groups. In addition, challenges to the Christian faith within the Gulani community exclusively come from forces outside the Gulani’s geopolitical locality such as the Portuguese. This is accompanied with minimum or no resistance experienced within the community’s multiethnic groups (Morricone). Evangelism missionary approach amongst the Gulani community is thus directed towards the exclusive substitution of the pagan religious dogma of the

1993 Cuisine and Culture of Mexico Research Paper

1993 Cuisine and Culture of Mexico - Research Paper Example However, Mexican people belong to various different cultures and this fusion of diversity is reflected in the rich Mexican culture and tradition. The Official language of Mexico is Spanish and it is the largest and most densely populated Spanish speaking nation in the world. There is no official religion of Mexico but however, during the ancient Spanish colonization, the religion of Roman Catholicism was introduced to the Mexican people. However, a recent census revealed that 95% of the Mexican population is Christian out of which 89% are Roman Catholics therefore Mexico has the second largest Catholic population in the world. The folk art traditions of Mexican are amalgamations of both Spanish and aboriginal Aztec culture. The great contrasts in the Mexican culture are also due to the influence of Pre Columbian art which is portrayed in the curved, linear and three dimensional ceramics produced in Mexico. The ancient Mesoamerican settlements shaped the traditional literature of anci ent and modern Mexico. Netzahualcoyotl was a pre-Hispanic poet and is by far the most famous historical poet in Mexico. The beginning of the 20th century is considered as the Golden Era of Mexican cinema. During this time many historic events were portrayed in the form of stage performances particularly the Mexican revolution was quite dramatically depicted. Modern day Mexican culture shows great inspiration to the Catholic Church. (Solski, 1981) Modern day Mexican cuisine is a fusion of original Mayan and Aztec culture along with the influence of Spanish culture and cooking traditions. Mexico is famous around the world for this unique blend of Spanish and aboriginal cuisine. Mexican cuisine is known for its wide range of flavors and exotic decorations. The unique fusion of ingredients and a variety of spices give Mexican food a unique and

Personnel Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Personnel Economics - Essay Example 1) stressed the organization of the educational system towards what is essential for students after the learning experience. The quality of the teacher is critical in this particular educational philosophy since it requires an understanding of what matters most on the part of the learner. There are many investigations undertaken exploring this theme. The work of Kramer and Pier (1999) and Nussbaum (1995) are cases in point. Each of these investigated what constitute effective teaching, best teaching practices, appropriate instructor behavior and a host of other variables that underpin an emphasis on the link between teacher quality and educational quality. Rockoff's (2004, p. 18) work, for example, depicted this as he found that raising teacher quality is key in improving student outcomes. The American educational system also emphasizes this as reflected in its policies, norms, standards and guidelines. Stakeholders such as the American National Association for the Education of Young Children (NYAEC) fiercely advocate the teacher certification and strict teaching standards for purposes of enhanced academic performance (File and Gullo 2002, p. 119). However, the empirical evidences as provided by the literature can be confusing as several strands of research focus on different aspects of the issue. This report will attempt to remedy this by focusing on two important research themes: the impact of teacher quality on educational outcomes and the impact of teachers' compensation on their performance. 2.0 Quality of Teachers and Children's Educational Outcome The NYAEC has outlined five important guidelines for 4-5 year institutions that would indicate preparedness on the part of the early childhood professionals (see Horm-Wingerd, 2001, p. 63). File and Gullo's (2002) work articulated this guideline further when they found how the capacity of teachers to address collaborative relationship with the learners' families; the ability to apply relevant early education th eories; and demonstrate a thorough understanding of family structure, the learners cognitive development and their needs, constitute the ideal teacher quality. Several studies would confirm this. For instance, Wilcox-Herzog's (2002, p. 104-105) investigation on the relationship between teachers' beliefs and their actions revealed that training and the preparation required for early childhood teaching certification is an indicator of high level of involvement and verbalizations in the classroom because it contributes to the maturity, knowledge and confidence of the teacher. There are many researchers who have conducted studies that successfully quantified the impact of teacher quality and education outcomes. The works of Goldhaber and Anthony (2007), Vandervoort et al. (2004), and, Smith et al. (2005) are cases in point. These studies found the students who were instructed by teachers who took and passed the teacher's board certification fared better on standardized tests than those students who learned from non-certified teachers. File and Gullo explored the link between teacher quality and children's academic gains in their comparison of the outcomes of several academic curricula by assessing the performance of the teacher at the beginning and at end of the programs. The researchers found that teachers with better training and experience are better equipped to deal with classroom management issues as well as in demonstrating the best teaching practices

Business Articles Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Articles Review - Essay Example In feminine cultures cooperation is more frequent which leads to people seeking the best joint outcome for society. A weakness of feminine culture is that people tend to be naively altruistic and sometimes get taken advantage of. Another negative aspect of feminine is that sometimes the economic expectations of such a society are too low. Participation of women in societies across the globe has increased during the past 60 years. A feminine culture does not necessarily increase the participation of women in economic and social life. I thought that the article was well written and it pointed out a lot of important arguments in regards to masculinity and feminine. I consider the United States a masculine society. Evidence of this is the fact that there has never been a women president in the history of the United States. Women are still being held back into positions of power by the glass ceiling effect. Despite my opinion that the U.S is a masculine society the article mentions other cultures in the world in which women do not enjoy the same freedoms and rights as in the U.S. In most Arab countries the women are seen as second class citizens. Men in Arab countries have all the power and women must obey the men at all times. In such a society women seldom hold positions of power such as managerial positions. ... Cultural barriers caused communication problems and conflicts and the team was very ineffective. â€Å"Cultural differences can create substantial obstacles to effective teamwork-but these may be subtle and difficult to recognize until significant damage has already been done† (Brett, Behfar, Kern, 2006, pg. 86). Work teams are supposed to be self-sufficient and managers should not intervene in interpersonal conflict because doing so is usually counterproductive and wastes valuable managerial time. It is imperative to avoid single culture approaches to solving problems among multicultural teams. Four types of challenges associated with multicultural teams are direct versus indirect communication, trouble with accents and fluency, differing attitudes toward hierarchy and authority, and conflicting norms for decisions. Some of the most effective strategies identified by the author to deal with conflict are adaptation, structural intervention, managerial intervention, and exit. T eamwork has become more important than ever in the workplace of the 21st century. Due to the rise of the globalization movement many multinational corporations are exposed to forming multicultural teams as part of the day to day business activities. These teams can bring tremendous benefits to a company because diversity helps foster innovation and creativity. I agree with the author that managerial intervention to solve internal conflict in a team is a strategy that should only be used as a last resort. The multicultural team is supposed to go through the same team formation stages of any team which are forming, storming, norming, and performing. An

Executive Summary Essay Example for Free

Executive Summary Essay Posted by Petra at 1:43 PM No comments: Wednesday, January 9, 2008 9. Pricing Price is the amount of money a buyer has to sacrifice in order to get what he/she wants. Pampers tends to make their products available to wide range of customers, so their price must also be affordable, reasonable and relatively low. Ive already mentioned that Pampers makes constant improvements of the products, but also of the production process with new technology. That makes possible lowering of the price with no back step in the products quality. PG generally uses the strategy of price reductions on recognized brands, cost control throught the organization, and introduction of economy-priced products worldvide. Pampers often uses price promotion mix by giving coupons and temporary discounts to generate higher sales. Price promotion mix is generally used to reinforce the basic price mix which includes fixed prices and terms of payment, whereas price promotion mix represents additional reductions in order to tempt customer to buy. For example, Pampers coupons are given in some stores on the register when a customer buys competitors products This is a way in encouraging potential customers to join the crew and discouraging them in buying competitors products! Pampers also uses non monetary promotions in order to avoid contractions in customers quality perception and to enhance brand loyalty. Pampers must be careful with its pricing decisions because the demand for diapers is relatively elastic nowadays. That means that sudden change of prices can decrease the demand in the extent that higher profits wouldnt be able of covering that. The biggest cause of this sensitive situation is the presence of competition with similar, slightly differentiated products.

Change Management, its Factors and Effects, in Tesco PLC

Change Management, its Factors and Effects, in Tesco PLC TESCO started its business and opened its first shop in the year 1919 by Mr Jack Cohen. He sold surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The brand TESCO came after 5 years in the year 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr. T. E Stockwell and initial letters of the name were combined to name TESCO and in the year 1929 store was op #ened in Burnt Oak, North London by Mr. Cohen. In 1930 Mr. Cohen built a headquaters and warehouse in north London and in 1932 privatization was done and Tesco became private ltd company and the company was listed in the stock market in the year 1974. In the year 1950 need of expansion was demanded and as a result numbers of stores were bought by retailer. (70 Williams stores and 200 Harrow stores, followed by 97 Charles Philips stores) and finally in the year 1968 the first superstore was opened in west Sussex. moving further Tesco diversified and jumped to petrol retailing sector in 1974.to overtake the rivals Tesco adopted the change in the strategy and launched the club card in 1995 following which in 1996 Tesco announced 24 hours facility to its customers. Retailer launched tesco.com in 2000 to expand further with which it included various products like electronics, clothes and entered in broadband market etc .as a major announcement Tesco plans to open a stores in USA under the name Fresh and Easy. Need for a change at Tesco Tesco has adopted many changes in its business since the time it has started.tesco has been changing its strategies as and when time passes for the following reasons. (I)To win competitive advantage: Tesco always wanted to create more value from resources over other companies like Sainsbury which led tesco to come up with new stores in different places. (ii)Core competences: Core competences are means the businesses must have something that customers uniquely value if companies wants to earn healthy profits. For instance tesco provides club card facility to its customer to retain the customers. (iii)Need for capturing Market: Tesco wanted to capture the whole retail market which encouraged the company to come up with aggressive strategies and occupy the number of places of UK markets. (iv)To create efficiency, swiftness, and innovation: For creating efficiency tesco provides a online shopping facility along with that it has made all the stores 24 hours available. Facrors Driving change in the Tesco: There are two types of factors which force any organization to adopt the change for the betterment of the organization. External factors and Internal factors. External Factors: conservative spends, Following are the external factors using PESTEL analysis: Political Factors: Tescos performance is very much controlled by political situations of the countries .traditional stores are forced to cut the cost where as big stores often provides job opportunities and government encourages retailers to create job opportunities hence opening new stores is because of the political impact also. Economical Factors: Economic factors have direct relation with profits which is one of the most important factor leading changes in an organisation.the high rate of unemployment increases chances of reduced demand for goods so tesco is creating employment with the help new stores. Social Factors: remove Customers demands towards mass shopping have led tesco to provide non food items also like clothes, elctronics,mobiles etc providing customers the convenient shopping. Technological Factors: Technology is a biggest factor driving all the companies to adopt the change because of new inventions of it.customer base will increase if they are satisfied and they get attracted. To do the same tesco has adopted self check out system, electronic shelf labelling etc. Environmental Factors Less consumption of resources, less wastage of production and least environmental damage are the issues leading tesco to change accordingly. Legal factors: Government policies affect the Tesco organisation for instance licensing, monopoly policy, pricing policy. Internal Factors: Expansion of the business: Expansion of the business brings the opportunities for the product development and companies growth. Earning Profits: The major motive for any organisation is to make profit which leads tesco also for the expansion and diversification of the business. Cut throat Competition: Tesco has many Competitors like ASDA and Sainsbury. To survive in this cut throat competition is very necessary to come up with new ideas and technology. Resource Implication of the organisation not responding to change: There are various resources which can be resistant against the change and cause the failure to the change project. Following are the resources: People: The main part of the change is people who are going to execute the change and they can not change overnight. people who are rigid and resistant towards the change .if they dont respond and not agreed to accept the change change procedure will lead to failure. Money : one of the other most important resources is Money which has a power to make the change successful by providing all other resources available.for instance with the help of existing money resource tesco is going to open new Fresh and Easy stores in usa without which it was not possible. Material: Proper material like all the previous details, audit report, company data and market requirments are very important absence of the same brings the failure of the change for instance in the case of tesco absence of the proper market analysis would have not brought tesco to capure the UK market. Stakeholders: Stakeholders are the very important parts of the change.suppliers are the internal stakeholders. The demand of the suppliers for cutting down in prices of food in tesco are major concern for adopting new changes. Climate: (season) Climate is a resource which is unexpected which sometimes causes a failure to change adopted by an organisation. Q: D) Models of change ADKAR Individual model of change: In an organisation whenever any change takes place it is not organisation which changes but the individuals of the organisation.ADKAR model helps manager to find out the behaviour of the individual and find out: People resistance to change, Help employess to move ahead with the change process To provide a plan for a personal and professional progress for individuals. To understand the ADKAR model we will look at the diagram below which says whenver in an organisation change takes place that is two ways one is from the business aspect and from the people side. Change takes place only when both the side change is applied successfully. Business change: Business change needs knowing the opportunities Scope and objectives of the business and project Knowledge of complete business process Proper change implementation People/Employee change: For the successful change manager should follow 5 key objectives based on ADKAR model. Awareness: of the need to change Desire: to participate and support the  change Knowledge: of how to change (and what the change looks like) Ability: to apply the change Reinforcement: to retain the change for the time period Lewins 3 stage Organisational Model of change http://www.lmcuk.com/management-tool/lewins-3-stage-model The model speaks about the one organisational change. it says that organisation travel from one stagnant change to another. It has three steps for an organisation to come across (i) Unfreeze (ii) Change and (iii) Refreeze, as mentioned in above picture. (i)Unfreeze In this state an organisation has to make employees believe that change is going to be for the betterment. there are people who doesnt want to come out of their comfort zone and easily accept the change hence unfreeze is a stage where managers will have to create motivation to the employees to come out of the stagnant phase and unfreeze them to move towards the new change. (ii) Change It is a stage which creates many doubts for the organisation. Employees have knowledge of old system and adopting a new a new change will take some time to increase their efficiency. At this stage it is very important for the managers to provide motivation to its employees at the same time give proper training and moral support to build a confidence to accept the change. Refreeze The motive of this stage is to let people get comfortable to their working environment again to increase efficiency. Bruce Tuckmans model of Team change: Mr Bruce Tuckman came up with this model in the year 1965 with 4 stages and last 5th stage Adjourning was added by him later in the year 1970s. According to him as the team builds maturity and ability, the bonding of the team takes place.in this stage a leader directs, guide, participates and deligates finally.at this time team will produce a next capable leader. in this leader gives power to the team and reduces the control.the main aim is to achieve the high performance by changing leadership styles. Following are the 4 stages and activities of the leader Stages Activities Forming Direct team and set goals clearly. Discussing goals with team will be the helpful. Storming Establishment of structure, building good relationship in team, Giving moral support, being firm and positive. make people understand why conflicts happens by assertiveness. Norming Taking responsibility towards objectives, building feeling of togetherness in team. Performing Dividing/delegating the task so that can concentrate on other priorities. Adjournig If the team come to an end working together celebrating the success. Relevance of the models in the current economic climate: Currently looking at the UK economy-2010 the major issue faced by the country is Recession and Unemployment which goes hand in hand. Looking at these issues lets see the relevance of the following models with these two factors. Models of change Relevance with current economic climate ADKAR Model of individual change Awareness: government should know the factors driving recession and unemployment. Desire: desire to come over. Knowledge: Proper knowledge how to overcome the recession. Ability: Ability to apply solutions/change to remove the recession. Reinforcement: to retain the change or solutions taken to get rid of recession and unemployment. Lewins 3 stage Organisational Model of change In the 2nd step of the model we can find the relevance to current situation. Change: adopting a change for example government has announced cut backs because of which people that were enjoying the benefits are also now searching for job which is increasing the rate of employment. Bruce Tuckmans model of Team change In this we can find a relevance with the stage storming which talks about the activities like establishing structure which means government should set such a rule to avoid recession and unemployment like the economy of the some of the European countries (like irland and Romania) are not much developed and people of those economy are migrating here because of which unemployment rate increases. Value of STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS techniques in the change process: What is strategic intervention? Whenever there is change taking plan in an organisation there are resistant towards it. Strategic intervention techniques are made to solve the problem occurring during the change process. Following are the intervention techniques and their value: Role Playing: Role playing is a type of training which involves practical situation. it is method to prepare a team to perform on their own without the help of the their employers. Value: this technique is valuable because if the proper training is given and employees are able to work on their own then they will face less problem while adopting a change. Team Building: It is technique developing a maturity to work as a group and efficiency. The main reasons for this technique are to set objectives, to check how the work is performed in a group and to see the bonding between team members. Value: in the change process the one of the important things is team bonding as whenever change takes place in an organisation team has to perform together for the success. Survey Feedback: Proper feedback and survey reports are to be given to the employees regarding the change to let them involve in the change process Value: by getting the feedback organisation can know what employees feel about the change and what difficulties they face to help them which help the change process to success. Inter-Group Problem-Solving: Whenever there are conflicts in two different groups, for the settlement joint meetings are held in which members are allowed to present their views and the outcome of the meeting should be the result that holds them together. Value: all the teams work towards the one goal i.e. change process, if they are having the differences then the goals vision will be blurred. So this technique helps to improve the bonding which will improve the work efficiency. Management By Objective Approach: It encourages employees to involve in decision making process to make sure the system works smoothly. Value: technique to involve employees will earn the interest of them and will lead to successful change. Q:g) development of Change management strategy with stakeholders for tesco: Stakeholders are the group of people who have interest in company business. There are many types of stakeholders like government, employees, customers, suppliers, board memebres, funders, which are part of internal and external stakeholders. According to tesco understanding the needs and demands of the stakeholders is very important. there are various strategies to let stakeholders involve in the change process. i)Having beneficial discussion with shareholders to make sure that tesco looks after and understands the commitment towards stakeholders. ii)The preparation of investor relation report every year by the board members is a part of their strategy stating the feedback of the stakeholders ,which involves them to towards the change. iii)They make sure that each and every stakeholder should get the full annual report at the end of the year apart from publishing in news papers. Systems to Involve stakeholders: There are many systems available to involve potential stakeholders in the planning of the change. Stakeholders mapping Stakeholders matrix Stakeholders engagement Stakeholders identification Stakeholders mapping: Stakeholders mapping is one the systems to involve stakeholders in the business .in stakeholders mapping has two axis. One speaks about the interest of the each stakeholder and other speaks about the power on stakeholders. th the th Stakeholder Mapping and Communication There are basically 4 categories in based on their power and interest, low interest/low power high interest/low power low interest/high power high interest/high power The company needs very less attention on this group. The stakeholders create no danger because of any interest and power. This group has a high interest but very less power and they are maintained by keeping them informed about company information. This group has high power because of which they must be taken care off and kept satisfied because their low interest can cause a trouble. They must be always satisfied because they have high power and high interest as well. Stakeholders matrix: This is one the common methods used to know about the stakeholder analysis. The object is to give clear understanding of the stakeholder and let the company know what the best way to involve them is. This system is used at early stage to develop the stakeholder plan.this sytem is used for developing a action plan. Stakeholder identification: In this company needs to find out its potential stakeholders company needs to do all the documentation regarding their interest, involvement, their power, and strategies taken by the company. There are three steps Step i) identify the potential customer and related date to them Step ii) identify the each stakeholders power and interest Step iii) assess the stakeholders response. Stakeholder engagement (On TESCO): Stakeholders are the people who have direct relation with our business and can affected easily, but at the same time they have impact on business as well. This is a reason why organisation needs to involve stakeholders and know their views. basically it is all about maintaining relationship with the help of regular communication from both the sides.Stakeholders engagement system has become a commonly used practice in business. According to tesco stakeholder engegement helps them to know the risk and opportunities. Following are the methods of doing the same: Meetings/Discussing issues Websites Questionnaires Events Being strategic about stakeholder engagement Tesco believes in solving issues by discussing it with stakeholders.for instance for year 2009-2010 meeting was held in the month of February to discuss the issues concerning about the board plans, control and business development by the chairman. Websites are made to keep in touch with stakeholders and engage them and to keep them aware of new updates abot the company along with the annual reports. tesco has it site in which they have all the details for stakeholders(www.tescoplc.com) . Investor relaton teams are hired to take care of stakeholders in tesco to be in touch with them on regular basis.because details on websites are limited and shareholders can ask any questions via emails. For stakholders tesco keeps events for them to be interactive and to engage them. Stakeholders engagement is not process to be built in weeks. Company need to do it right from beginning and thats what tesco has been doing right from beginning. Q: I) Development and implementation of model of change on tesco: Whenever company need to progress can adopt a change whether small or big .in organisation usually they know about the change but dont know how to actually apply it. For which there are many models stating how to apply change. Following are the models which tesco can apply to build a self check out machines. Kotters 8-Step Change Model Following are the 8 steps to lead towards the change: Step i) create urgency: Talking about urgency of adopting a change will help organisation to move further towards change. Because only showing balance sheet company can not convince others to adopt the change. How to do? a)Tesco will have to analyse its potential risksand will have to prove the senario that in absence of self check machines can cause lot of queue in the shop and will cause delay in time. b)Tesco will have to show the benefits that customer can take from self check out machines. Step ii) Form a Powerful association: Whenever company needs to go through a change it has to supporters for the change having leaderships qualities to convince that change is for good. What is to be done? Tesco should identify true leaders in an organisation Make commitment Work on team building Tesco will have to make sure that it has good mixture of people that will help at different levels. Step iii) Create a Vision for Change Tesco should have a clear vision about the change and should be able to show others that vision What to do: Tesco will have to set the important value change. Make a short one or two sentence vision statement like tesco has a vision statement that is every little helps Make a plan to implement that vision. Step iv): Communicate the Vision The vision statement is what you do and you have strong competition in the market.so tesco will have to make sure that it communicate in such a manner that will be able survive in that competition. What to do: Tesco should keep talking about its vision. Tesco should clearly deal with peoples apprehension and worry. Tesco should Appl all its vision to all aspects of operations from training to performance reviews. Step v): Remove Obstacles: After following the above steps and if change process had taken place then tesco needs to look at the resistant of the change if yes then tesco will have to remove it by doing so change process will move further. What to do: Tesco should hire, change leaders to deliver the change. By looking at the structure of the organisation tesco will have to decide upon Tesco should encourage people by giving reward to people for supporting change. At the same time tesco should know people who are resisting the change, and try to convert them into supporters. Tesco should act quickly against obstacles. Step vi): Create Short-term Wins To encourage change tesco should create small competition to motivate employees towards adopting the change. By creating short term goals tesco can earn more supporters for the new change. What to do: Tesco should Look for sure-change that can be implemented without help from any strong critics of the change. Tesco should not expensive targets. Tesco needs to see properly the potential pros and cons of its achievements. Give deserving awards to those who achieve targets. Step vii): Build on the Change: Tesco should not declare the change too early.rea l change goes in deep. What to do Tesco should analyse after every win, that what went right and what needs improving. Tesco should learn to the idea of continuous development. Tesco need to keep changing the the change agents timely to change association Step viii): Anchor the Changes in Corporate Culture: Tesco needs to make sure that change should be visible in each and every aspect which will help the change to occupy a strong place in an organisation. What to do: Tesco need to talk about the success stories as and when get the chance. Tesco should embrace the change principles and morals when hiring and training new staff. Measures to monitor progress of the change process: There are various ways adopted by the companies to measure the performance and the progress of the change adopted.there is many tools like performance indicator, feedback control system, marketing mix etc to know about the peformance of the company.tesco has not adopted particular method to measure the progress.following are the ways tesco should adopted: Feedback: Tesco should take timely and duely feedback by the customers who are using self check out machine.feedback form should clearly be able to specify the questions about the weakness and usefulness of the self check out machine. Feedback form should be easy to understand and must be written in easily understandable language by the customers.the most important point is feedback form should be able to answer the % of customer satisfaction. Surveys: Tesco should conduct surveys regarding by the general public asking what do think about self check machine. For people with a proper communication must be hired to be able to ask questions from public. Website : Tesco should operate one website having online feedback asking close ended question regarding the perfomance of the machine and improvements to be made. Performance indicator tool: Tesco should use the performance indicator tool for the measurment of progress.it will tell the tesco about the improvements made and what are the results of the same.performance indicator cover cover the following other indicators : Quantitative indicators based on numbers achieved. Practical indicators based on current companys process. Directional indicators based on data specifying the companys performance whether getting better or not. Actionable indicators are taken to control which will affect the change. Financial indicators used in perfomance measurment.

The effects of Globalisation in the economy

The effects of Globalisation in the economy According to Globalization (investorwords, 2011) asserts is the process of increasing connectivity and interdependence of world markets and businesses. This process has accelerated dramatically over the past two decades, technological advances make it easier for people to travel, communicate and do business internationally. Two of the main drivers of recent developments in telecommunications infrastructure and the Internet boom. In general, economies become more closely linked to other economies, greater opportunities, but also more competition. Thus, globalization becomes a feature increasingly common in the global economy, a powerful pro-globalization and anti-globalization lobby emerged. The pro-globalization argues that globalization offers many opportunities to increase almost everyone, and increased competition is good because it makes workers more efficient production. Both organizations pro-globalization more important are the World Trade Organization and the World Economic F orum. The World Trade Organization is a government-wide entity created to develop a set of rules governing global trade and capital flows through the process of consensus among members, and to supervise its members to ensure that standards are met. The World Economic Forum, a private foundation, has no power of decision, but has great importance as it has been effective as a networking forum for reaching a large number of companies worldwide, the government and Nonprofit leaders gain. The anti-globalization group argues that some groups of people who are deprived in terms of resources that are not currently able to work to increase the competitive pressure that took place to enable their economies are more connected to the world . Important anti-globalization organizations include environmental groups like Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace, the international humanitarian organizations like Oxfam, Third World government agencies such as the business organizations of the G-77, and u nions, whose competitiveness is threatened by globalization, such as textiles in the United States and European farm lobby movements and work in Australia and the United States Trade Impact of Globalization Under globalization and Starbucks (content partner Yahoo, 2008) state that globalization has shown a significant impact on the discourse of the organization. Using this as a basis for research, the impact of globalization on the organization Starbucks is reviewed, with recommendations for policy changes. The recommendations are based on a general philosophy of improving the strategic development of the organization. Globalization and Starbucks Globalization has impacted almost all organizations currently in operation. Even when organizations decide to limit their activities and operations to a specific geographic region, globalization becomes a part of the operations of new technologies and international attention on the companys customers. Ultimately, few organizations are able to escape the impact of globalization. Given the importance of globalization in the organization, there is a clear impetus to examine how this will impact on business operations in both the short and long term. Using this as basis for research, this research examines the impact that globalization can have on the organization of Starbucks. Through a careful examination of how globalization has impacted this organization, they can make recommendations for significant policy change that will improve the operations of the organization. Starbucks-An overview To begin this research, it is useful to first consider a review of the Starbucks organization and critical issues currently affecting their development. Reviewing the history of this organization, Lyon (2005) reports that Starbucks originated in Seattle, Washington as a retailer of gourmet coffee. In an effort to advance the success of the organization, leaders have chosen an aggressive business model that allow them to penetrate and saturate local markets. The business model used by the organization was new, key analysts to link the organizations success to its aggressive growth strategy. As noted by Kaplan and Wozniak (1999) seems to want a Starbucks at every corner. Besides the new business model developed by the organization, Lustgarten (2004) reports that the organization has also developed a unique corporate culture. According to research Starbucks was the first U.S. company to provide comprehensive health benefits and stock options to each employee, including more than 65% were part-time at the moment. Starbucks has the lowest wear of all retailers national. In addition to providing employees a great benefit, Starbucks also offers its employees comprehensive training that enables the organization to promote their products through its employees. The issues that the organization has encountered in international development are not the only problems facing the organization. It was reported that Starbucks is facing the moral decadence and erosion of employees among its store managers and its army of baristas happy once. In recent years, the organization has had to manage costs by reducing wages and benefits for employees. This included a refusal to pay overtime mandatory. As a direct result, many employees perceive their job like any other fast food feel. Despite these significant problems, Starbucks maintains a strong financial position. The organization has managed to eliminate most of its foreign debt. In addition, the organization has cultivated a strong brand image that does not spend a considerable amount of money on marketing and advertising. Instead, the organization relies on word of mouth about the quality of their products to serve the main form of marketing. This measure will save the organization a sum of money. Impact of Technology and Policy Change The development of Starbucks as an international organization as one that represents the negative realities of globalization, is clearly linked to the growing interconnectedness of the world. Starbucks began as a company in the United States, focusing first 8 years of growth in the saturated domestic market. The proliferation of Starbucks in the United States was followed by visitors from other countries and through the media organization on the Internet. The business model was created by Starbucks, while a great success in the United States has become a model of aggression and globalization that are feared in foreign countries. This, combined with the information that the company took advantage of coffee producers in developing countries has in many cases, creates a negative image for the organization of Starbucks. When placed in this perspective it becomes obvious that the instrument is connected to the international community as a whole is the specific instrument that has a negative impact on international development organization of Starbucks. While the Internet provides Starbucks with the ability to reach customers around the world, but also provides critical of the critical information necessary to conduct the protest against the organization. In this spirit, it is clear that the organization must consider how they can best use the Internet to your advantage to promote a positive image of the brand to allow increased penetration of the organization on the international market. Proposed Change Policy Because the Internet is a major source of information on the organization of Starbucks, the company must participate in an extensive advertising campaign on the Internet. Although this will increase marketing costs for the organization, the company could focus its marketing efforts toward the cultivation of a more international image of the organization. Today, Starbucks has created an all American who was despised by many foreign customers. Develop a brand image as an international organization should reduce negative perceptions and improve organizational capacity to penetrate foreign markets. Ubiquity in branding is essential for operations Starbucks international. In addition to launching an advertising campaign online, the agency must also use the Internet to identify the major foreign companies with which they could co-brand Starbucks. Internet search will allow Starbucks to effectively identify organizations that are large enough to use a model of e-commerce. Developing new marketing campaigns that allow co-branding of its products, Starbucks could increase awareness of its brands in markets that were not exposed to the organization. As the penetration of small increases in foreign markets, it can also help develop the brand image of the organization as an international rather than American, society. As such, the two policy changes recommended supporting each other The global production networks According to Global Production Network (University of Manchester, 2011) states that to what extent the EU, East Asia and Eastern Europe is linked increasingly interconnected economic relations, manifested primarily through complex production networks in East Asia and EU companies. The work will focus on the links of production and distribution that EU companies have been created in Asia and Eastern Europe and East Asia Enterprise were established in the EU and Eastern Europe. A particular concern for the implications of these networks for national and local development. Networks are studied through case studies in three sectors: electronics, automotive and retail. Each of these sectors is very important both in Europe and East Asia, but in different ways. The working assumption is that production networks within each sector are very different depending on the specifics of the company and how different places are integrated into networks . Global production network (GPN). Production networks in the connection of interlinked functions and operations through which goods and services are produced and distributed have become both more complex organization and increasingly global in scope. These networks not only integrate into the corporate structures that blur the traditional boundaries of the organization through the development of various forms of relations of equality and non-participation, but also integrate national economies so that they have enormous implications for economic welfare. At the same time, the precise nature and articulation of these production networks centered on society, are deeply influenced by socio-political contexts within which they operate, produce and reproduce. The process is particularly complex because, if they are essentially specific territorial production networks themselves are not. Cut The limits of the state in many different forms, partly influenced by regulatory and non-regulator y barriers and socio-cultural, to create structures that are broken land. The geographical scale at which production networks are taking shape continues to grow and become more complex. The key research questions to be investigated are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How production networks in the three priority sectors, both organizationally and geographically, both within and between the three regions? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How the various EU economies, East Asia and Eastern Europe added to these production networks centered on the company? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To what extent the economies of Eastern Europe considered alternative or complementary focus on direct investment of EU companies in East Asia? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the implications of these processes (for example, as regards the expansion of employment opportunities, technology upgrading, skills development, value creation, competitiveness, etc.) for businesses and economies concerned? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To what extent are national and local institutions capable of influencing the strategic development of production networks of companies? This study is based on an important time when economic and political contexts of European business relations with East Asia and vice versa are moving to a variety of reasons: the consequences of the Asian economic crisis of the Is investment and competition, the imminent absorption of several Eastern European countries in the EU is trying to create an international forum ASEM to help negotiate EU-East Asia . While the current period is one of instability in trade relations between these regions, providing an opportune time to draw their own nature and value its importance for companies and economies in different places. Global Marketplace According to the global market place (USC Marshall, 2011) argues that the globalization of markets and competition: trade is increasingly global today. There are several reasons for this. One important reason is technological, because of improved transportation and communication possibilities of today, trade is now more convenient. Therefore, consumers and businesses now have access to the best products from different countries. Increasingly rapid technological life cycle is also increasing competition between countries as to who can produce the newest technology. In part to reflect these realities, countries in recent decades have increased measures to promote global trade through agreements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and professional organizations such as World Trade Organization (WTO), Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU). Stages of the international commitment to an enterprise. There are several stages through which a society can be as involved is increasingly across borders. A purely national focus solely on its domestic market, has no current ambitions to expand abroad, and sees no significant threat of competition from abroad. This company may be able to get orders from abroad, who are either in the form of irritation or as the icing on the cake. As the company begins to export more, go to Step export, where he made little effort to market the product abroad, although a growing number of foreign orders are filled. In the international arena, as some countries markets are beginning to appear particularly attractive more orders for foreigners from there, the company may enter the country on an ad hoc basis, ie each country may be introduced sequentially, but with relatively little training and marketing efforts between countries. In the multi-stage efficiencies are pursued by standardization across a region (eg Central America, West Africa, or northern Europe). Finally, the world stage, care centers in the world market, with decisions to optimize product positioning in the markets, the country of origin is no longer the center of the product. These stages represent points on a continuum from a purely national orientation to a real world problem companies may fall in between these discrete stages, and different parts of the company may have characteristics of several stages. Some forces in international trade. Comparative advantage, discussed in detail in the notes of the economy, suggests that trade between countries is beneficial because these countries differ in their relative economic strengths, some have more advanced technology and some have lower costs . The International Product Life Cycle (PLC) suggests that countries differ in their time of application for various products. Products tend to be adopted more rapidly in the U.S. and Japan. The internalisation of transaction costs and refers to the fact that the development of certain projects on a massive scale, such as cars for the global market, can lead to significant cost must be spread over several countries Competitors and Competitive Analysis According to the competitive advantages (teenanalyst, 2009) states that investors often fall into the trap of the investigation that the quantitative factors to evaluate potential investments. However, it is important to remember that some action is also part of a business, so you must be interested in how society as a whole performs. Successful companies in all shapes and sizes, but tend to have one thing in common: they all have a significant competitive advantage. This advantage allows them to protect themselves from their competitors and stay for a long period of time. The competitive advantages are very important because they ensure that the company earns superior returns by a longer period of time. By increasing the lifetime of a business, shareholder value is higher. The competitive advantages are not only a form. In addition, companies may have several competitive advantages, in fact, more the merrier. There are five areas where companies can succeed and ensure their long-term success: the development of market share, strong brand management, which benefits from network effects, which has certain trademarks and patents, profitable, and creating high switching costs. Market shares of companies with a market share important to create a problem for competitors, as competitors must rely on stealing market share to competition, which can not only create business from scratch. After all, you want to create a coffee product, if you knew you were going to go head to head with giants like Starbucks? It is also ideal for society, which means that their products are well known and well received in the market. Market share can not be imposed, but if the industry has a significant profit potential for new entrants, the market share can be eroded. Strong Brand Management Having a strong brand can ensure long term success of the company and also allows companies to obtain health benefits because his brand allows them to charge a higher price. For example, analysts do not think Starbucks would succeed in higher prices for a product such as coffee. However, the company has been very successful, largely thanks to its strong brand management. Strong brands tend to create more sustainable competitive advantage. The network effect network effect occurs when a product creates a user demand, which in turn improve the product. For example, eBay is a company that has network effects, to attract more sellers, which attracted more buyers, establishing a dominant market share. The net effect is fairly rare, but can be very lucrative when it occurs. Trademarks and Patents Trademarks and Patents can be a source of competitive advantage for some businesses but not too common. Shuffle Master is an example the company created automatically mixers used in many casinos. The company remains on top of technology and the Queen closely follows their patents to ensure that competition is not easy to enter the market. But society is more and more other area of your business: the creation of casino games and new casino licenses, allowing you to collect a huge check every month. These patents and trademarks have given a great perspective Shuffle Master Geographies of labor According to the geography of inequality in the labor market (informaworld, 2011) In recent years, the local labor market have attracted increasing attention of academic analysts and policy makers. There is awareness that there is no such thing as the national labor market, rather than a mixture of local and regional markets that differ in nature, performance and regulation. Geographies of inequality in the labor market refers to these multiple geographies of employment, unemployment, work and income, and its implications for public policy Impact on Environment and Sustainability According to globalization and the environment (Theodore Panayotou, 2011) argues that economic globalization affects the environment and sustainable development in a variety of ways and through multiple channels. Here we will treat (a) identify the key links between globalization and the environment, (b) identify the main issues addressed in the multilateral agreements on the economy in trade and finance that affect environmental sustainability And (c) discuss the priority issues of environmental policy in the multilateral economic environment and, consequently, identifying incentives implicit in trade policy measures and investments that affect the sustainability the environment. These articles were classified in the primary areas of globalization, trade liberalization, investment and finance, and dissemination of technology, including intellectual property rights. In the case of the interface of trade and environment, examines the impact of these two elements, and the causal relationship between them. It also gives special attention to multilateral environmental agreements and their potential impact on trade. A section on integration of the effects of globalization and environmental policy and performance leads to questions of domestic and international policy and priority recommendations. Globalization brings great benefits and potential risks. The challenge is to manage the globalization process in a way that promotes environmental sustainability and equitable human development. In short, the more integrated policy and business environment, economic growth is more sustainable and globalization can be harnessed to benefit the environment Financial globalization According to the cards business in India (BusinesmapsofIndia, 2011) in the field of creativity and culture, globalization is a word well known in recent years, but globalization has become a household word, literally since the beginning of 1990, when he began to financial globalization. During this period, trade barriers between nations broke, and the flow of investment and business between the countries engaged in. Financial globalization is also defined as an amalgam of the national financial system of a particular country with international organizations and financial markets. The massive growth was noticed in the global economy over the past two years, and in the field of technology, especially in transport and communications has been a quiet revolution that led to the globalization of finance choices obvious. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank are the two international financial institutions that were created to support global trade to continue growing financial globalization. In the mid-1970s, emerging economies have little experience of financial flows between countries. The improvement rate in 1980 and 1990, while in 1997, reached its apogee. But then decreased rapidly due to economic disaster and financial capital flows from Asia and Russia and the world completely fell gradually. In contrast, in the 1990 financial globalization and inflation of capital significantly in developed countries to developing countries began arriving in 1973 and 2005, the rate of world trade have increased significantly. It continues to grow, and in 2005 the GDP of the world came to 42%. Impact of financial globalization Although not rich history of movements of capital cross-country, but the impact of financial globalization is certainly huge in the composition of domestic capital markets and international. The banking system was particularly upset and had to undergo de-intermediation. Conclusion Globalization has the approximate fair share and its effects: It throws open a number of challenges such as inequality between and within different nations, volatility in the explosion of financial market opened and there was no degradation the environmental situation. Another negative aspect of globalization is that the world most countries stayed away from light. Until the nineties, the process of globalization of the economy of India had been under surveillance by trade, investment and financial barriers. For this reason, the process of liberalization has taken the time to accelerate. The pace of globalization did not begin smoothly. Also the economic integration of globalizationhas allowed the free cash flow of information, ideas, technologies, goods, services, capital, finance and people. This cross-border integration had different dimensions cultural, social, political and economic. No more or less economic integration through four channels for exchanging goods and services, capital flows, capital flows and movement of people. Therefore, it can be considered for a new advance in the global economy because of this process.