Investment Bank Reputation Information Production And Financial Intermediaries Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1814 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The article is a joint work of Thomas J Chemmanur and Paolo Fulghieri, it speaks about the reputation building of an investment bank, how information production and work of their underwriters help the banks build as well as break their reputation in the equity market. It calculates the reputation of a bank for entrepreneur and investor based on a virtual model created by them based on the real life market. About the Authors: The article is written by Thomas J Chemmanur and Paolo Fulghieri, this article was published by Blackwell Publishing for American Finance Association, in its The Journal of Finance, Vol 149 No.1; Mar 94; Pg. 57-79. Mr. Chemmanur is a professor of finance in Boston College in USA; with his research activities he has made a commendable contribution to the field of finance, which has also fetched him awards. Mr. Fulghieri is a professor of finance at the Kenan Flagler Business School, he is PhD in Economics, 1987 from University of Pennsylvania. He has contributed a lot towards the field of finance through his research and study; also he has been awarded many times for his papers, articles and researches. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investment Bank Reputation Information Production And Financial Intermediaries Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Evaluation: The work is not completely original; up to some extend it is an extension to the work of authors like Leland Pyle (1977), Campbell Kracaw (1980) and Kreps Wilson (1982), etc. Relevant examples and references are quoted wherever required to support their findings and suggestions, but authenticity and co-relation of these examples and references needs to be checked, whether they are on the same lines or not. To make their research the authors have developed a virtual model based on the real market situations, and as prevailing in the market, there are 3 agents in the model, 1. Entrepreneur 2. Investment Banker 3. Investor They have quoted that the investment banks charge high fees for their service and a lot has been written about the reputation of the investment bank, but the fact remains very clear that major responsibility of either overpricing or under pricing of the assets of entrepreneur depends upon the skills and work of the underwriter who assess the assets of the entrepreneur and does not solely depends upon the reputation or brand name of the bank. Also, that the high fees are charged because high cost is being incurred on the information gathering and setting evaluation standards. Moreover, their model just doesnt include firms dealing in IPOs but also includes firms dealing into seasonal equity issues, bond or debt market, etc. Their research in this article has given the most importance to the underwriter and also that the fees of the bank just doesnt depends on banks reputation but also on underwriters reputation, and that underwriters fees also increases with their reputation. At one point, they have related their model to product market also, where an e.g. of Allen (1984) Shapiro (1983) is quoted. They say that, like fear of running reputation may prevent manufacturer of experience goods (these are the goods whose quality can be known only after purchasing, because they lower the product quality in order to gain shore term profit). But unlike, manufacturer in product market, investment banker plays the role of mediator or middleman in the equity market, and therefore does not has all the information. Rather has only that information which the entrepreneur wishes them to have. Therefore they say that if the banker ones overprice or underprice the project that doesnt hamper the reputation of the bank much. They also, give a suggestion that to lessen the moral hazard feeling of being cheated in investors by investing a huge amount in the overpriced shares themselves; this may lessen the risk of spoiling the banks reputation. The model of reputation acquisition by investment banks, have very well exhibited that reputation acquisition plays a critical role in enabling intermediaries to function as information producers. They have also laid down some formulas for calculating the reputation of the based on their model, which is not supported by any practical example of a real investment bank, which they should have done to make their article more realistic and applicable. Therefore, it seems it may not be practically possible to calculate reputation of a bank based on formulas. Moreover, a firm going for public listing can afford to calculate the formula and derive the reputation, but a common investor who invests one to ten thousand GBP cannot afford to make calculation to calculate the reputation, that to of a middleman. Therefore, if the authors would have developed a more realistic based reputation calculation method, it would have been more useful to the retail investors. A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ARTICLE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN INVESTMENT BANKING CONFLICT OF INTEREST OR CERTIFICATION ROLE? Introduction: An article on similar grounds but different base as previous ones has been written by Prof. Manju Puri when doing her research from Stanford University. The article talks about the era before The Glass-Steagall Act was implemented in 1933, when the commercial banks were authorized to function as underwriter for corporate securities. She discusses and analyses that whether the commercial banks who finance the project, also underwriting corporate securities, whether it hampers the reputation of bank or not. About the Author: This article has been written by Manju Puri in The Journal of Financial Economics Vol 40, Issue March96), Pg. 373-401. Manju Puri is a PhD in Finance from New York University, she started her career with HSBC and now working as a professor of finance and research fellow in Duke University. She has won many awards honours grants for her research and papers book publication from Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, etc. which suffice the authenticity if this article. She wrote this article when she was working with Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford. Evaluation: Like previous article the author here also speaks about reputation of investment banks (hereafter referred as investment house), but in different perspective, i.e. she has compared investment houses reputation with commercial banks reputation. She has also projected the possible hazard when commercial banks who are into financing and providing commercial loans to entrepreneurs, when theses banks function as a investment house for the same entrepreneur, is this information biased? Her article discusses a different dimenstion about the reputation of investment bank. Real life law and statutes are being explained and taken into consideration for proving her point, like The Glass-Steagall Act (1933). The pre Glass-Steagall Act period has been examined in this paper. The commercial banks are prohibited from underwriting corporate securities in USA after The Glass-Steagall Act (1933), but in some countries like India no such act has been levied and commercial banks are still permit ted to underwrite the corporate securities, so the validity of this paper is limited to some countries only. This article tried to find answer for a very significant question, whether the evidence regarding conflicts of interest, support the concern of those opposed to The Glass-Steagall Act deregulation? And she has also managed to get the answer by analyzing the pricing of securities underwritten by commercial bank in pre Glass-Steagall period. She says that to understand whether the conflicts of interest is reflected in the security price, and it is important to understand underwriters incentive in certifying securitys value. The commercial bank while processing loans obtain personal and private information about the firm which is generally not known to the investors. Therefore, the commercial banks have more information than investment house even after incurring high-cost on information gathering and commercial bank certification have a stronger effect than that of investm ent house. What commercial bank does is that they weigh the security strong when they finance the project so that from the proceeding the firm can pay back their loan, and protect their own self interest, at the expense of outside investors, and because investment house do not engage themselves in loan making they do not have such personal interest and tend to be more credible certifier. She also quotes that investors should understand the pattern that, if the issue is rated lower that means the conflict of interest of the bank is stronger than investment house and if the bank issued higher rate than the conflict of interest is lower than that of investment hous. For better understanding and clear presentation of information, the paper is divided into sub sections i.e. Section 1: Sample Selection. Section 2: Methods and Results. Section 3. Examines Certification Effect. Section 4: Conclusion. Section 1: Sample Selection: The data is collected on sample basis as listed below: Data is collected pre Glass-Steagall period i.e. 01/01/1927 to 30/09/1929, this period is before the application of Glass-Steagall Act. Data collected is measurable on front of size of issue, age of firm and the underlying security credit ration associated with issue. Section 2: Methods and Results: All the tests done are well explained this section with their results, some of them is as listed below: The basic null hypothesis test is used for results. Univariate Test: the results are tabulated for better reading, understanding and analyzing. Multivariated Test: the results are tabulated for better reading, understanding and analyzing. Prohibit Tests. Selectivity bias adjustments: the results are tabulated for better reading, understanding and analyzing. Section 3. Examines Certification Effect: Her findings from the tests showed that commercial banks underwriting has lower yields than investment house underwriting, to ensure that the incentives, that the banks get are driving the results she formulated additional tests, which showed that banks certification is highest when banks have access to more private information than investment house, accordingly she conducted some more tests on various kinds of issues and showed results in tabular format: Foreign Government Bonds v/s Industrial Bonds (corporate bonds). Industrial Bonds v/s Industrial Preferred Stocks. New v/s Seasoned Offerings. Non-investigating Grade Security v/s Investment Grade Security. In House Bond Underwriting v/s Affiliate Underwriting. Section 4: Conclusion: The paper examines that there are two types of intermediaries for issue of equity, i.e. bank and investment house. The loan resources that bank have at risk, gives them access to private information at little cost, as compared to investment house, which may under produce information, because of high cost of production. In general, the results drawn from this article confronts the hypothesis outline in Section 1 and 4. The test also supported the idea that investments perceived banks as being valuable certifiers of firms value. Conclusion: After evaluating both the articles I conclude the following: One reason why investment houses have to strive more to build reputation in equity market is that their underwriters have access to firms limited information. The investors believe that banks have more personal and private information of the firm and therefore find banks certification more reliable and this also hampers the repute of the investment house. The reputation of investment house just does not depends up on their on past performance and evaluation standards but also depends on their competitors performance and evaluation standards.

Can Christian Ethics Survive Within A Secular State

Can Christian Ethics survive in a secular state?. Christian ethics is the study of the way of life that conforms to the will of God. Judgment of behaviour derives from the fundamental Christian virtues. These are prudence, fortitude, temperance and justice. Christian ethics is essentially a religious ethic and is deeply founded in the revelation of God. Therefore, â€Å"how does the decline of Christianity in modern Western societies impede the validity of a Christian ethical approach to contemporary issues?† (Vorster, 2012). Using Vorster’s article as inspiration for research, I will be discussing whether in society today, true Christian ethics can be found. True Christian ethics involve â€Å"concepts like stewardship, readiness to serve and obedience to God† (Vorster, 2012). However, can these concepts flourish in an â€Å"environment where hard, rude pursuit of profits, wealth and prosperity are pursued† (Vorster, 2012). Augustine accepted the natural virtues of philosophers (prudence, fortitude, temperance and justice) but subordinated them to the â€Å"infused virtues† of faith, hope and love. We live in a different world context today and we have to rethink the relevance of Christian life not only from an individual personal perspective but also in terms of broader social Christian ethics (Wyk, 2010). Christian ethics is distinctive because it is the ethics of the New Testament, we don’t often think about it in that way. If we’re going to describe what Christian ethics is we must useShow MoreRelatedIntegrating My Faith and My Profession Essay1513 Words   |  7 Pagescomponents of Christian worldviews and our ability to reflect on them, either learned or chosen. The book details specific indications to a perceptive of the nature of knowledge, the character of human beings, the nature of humanity, and the environment of the world. 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Muscular System Muscle Metabolism Free Essays

1. List the three roles of ATP in muscle contraction: 1. Energize the power stroke of the myosin cross bridge. We will write a custom essay sample on Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Disconnecting the myosin head from the binding site on actin at the conclusion of a power stroke. 3. Energizing the calcium ion pump. 2. The potential energy in ATP is released when the terminal high-energy bond is broken by a process called hydrolysis. Write the end products of this process: ATP (+ H2O) ( ADP 3. Rebuilding ADP into ATP with a new source of energy is carried out by a process called dehydration synthesis. Write the equation for this process: ADP ( ATP (+ H2O) 4. List the three processes used to synthesize additional ATP when ATP supplies are low: 1. Hydrolysis of creatine phosphate 2. Glycolysis 3. The Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation 5. An immediate source of energy is creatine phosphate (CP), but the supplies are limited and rapidly depleted. One molecule of CP produces one ATP. 6. Glucose is a major source of energy for synthesizing ATP. List the two sources of glucose: 1. Glucose enters the muscle cell directly from the blood. 2. Glucose is produced by hydrolysis of glycogen stored in the muscle cell. 7. Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose. Name two products of the breakdown of glucose: 1. Two ATP molecules 2. Pyruvic acid If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is the end product of anaerobic respiration. 8. If oxygen is available, the process is known as ___aerobic_ respiration. Name two sources of oxygen: 1. Oxygen enters the muscle cell directly from the blood. 2. Oxygen is stored in myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein. The aerobic pathway consists of glycolysis + krebs cycle + oxidative phosphorylation. The net result of one glucose molecule is 36 ATP. 9. The process of restoring depleted energy reserves after exercise is called repaying the oxygen debt. Name four processes that occur during this time: 1. Lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid, which enters the Krebs cycle, producing ATP. 2. This ATP is used to rephosphorylate creatine into creatine phosphate. 3. Glycogen is synthesized from glucose molecules. 4. Additional oxygen re-builds to myoglobin. 10. Put the following characteristics under the correct fiber type in the table below: Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylationuses glycolysis fatigue rapidlyhigh endurance few capillariesmany capillaries much myoglobinlittle myoglobin long-distance runnersprinter Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation uses glycolysis fatigue rapidly high endurance few capillaries many capillaries much myoglobin little myoglobin long-distance runner sprinter light in color, large diameter red in color, small diameter. Â   How to cite Muscular System: Muscle Metabolism, Papers

Nethergrave vs. A Sound of Thunder Essay Sample free essay sample

You and I live in a universe were modernism is making new highs every twenty-four hours. One twenty-four hours that touchscreen phone is considered new. and so following hebdomad it’s old intelligence. These two narratives that I am traveling to compare are about the function of engineering. scientific discipline and how it affects me and you. Based on how it uses new engineering and modern scientific discipline A Sound of Thunder is a better sci-fiction narrative. When it comes to engineering. ‘A Sound of Thunder’ uses it better than ‘Nethergrave’ . In ‘Nethergrave’ the computing machine is the engineering and it doesn’t seem like a chief portion in the narrative until the terminal. ‘A Sound of Thunder’ uses a clip machine. This is an extract from the book – â€Å"†¦ . -1999! 1997! Gone! The Machine roared†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Bradbury pg. 289 ) . This tells you that the narrative includes a Time Machine and is sounds like some action is traveling on with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Nethergrave vs. A Sound of Thunder Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However. ‘Nethergrave’ uses a computing machine as the chief portion of engineering. This is besides a portion from the narrative – â€Å"Two techno encephalons would transport in a bran-new computing machine †¦-â€Å" ( Skurzynski pg. 316 ) . The computing machine feels like a remnant it merely shows its importance in the terminal of the book. This is why I know ‘A Sound of Thunder’ uses the consequence of engineering is greater. When it comes to the development of the scene. Bradbury’s ‘A Sound of Thunder’ helps us to acquire to cognize location better and its consequence on the other elements of the narrative. Bradbury helps us visualise the scene with giving us the twelvemonth it puting is on. which is 2055. The narrative tells us that the edifice mark says – â€Å"TIME SAFARI. INC. SAFARIS TO ANY YEAR IN THE PAST†¦-â€Å" . This shows that it is set in the hereafter which is normally where clip machines are. In contrast ‘Nethergrave’ deficiency of puting committedness made the sci-fi narrative expression like it had three different secret plans. For case the narrative showed him being bullied. so his pa being absent. following on to him populating a dual life. and eventually to meeting and disappearance with ‘NetherMagus’ . The manner ‘Nethergrave’ develops is less effectual. In general. ‘A Sound of Thunder’s scene is more to the full developed. When it comes to the chief message ‘A Sound of Thunder’ is a batch more effectual. The chief message I interpreted from it was â€Å"be careful what you do. it could impact everyone in the long run† . An illustration is when the hunter/guide. Travis said â€Å"Well. what about the foxes that’ll need those mice to last? For privation of 10 mice a fox dies†¦-’’ . He is explicating to the readers that every small and little thing has an consequence on though you may non see it instantly. Conversely ‘Nethergrave’ didn’t have a message that you could see in mundane life. The secret plan was non fluxing with the narrative and it seemed like three different narratives lines/plot. ‘A Sound of Thunder’ have the best chief message overall that had a true significance. ‘A Sound of Thunder’ is better than ‘Nethergrave’ because the usage of engineering. function of scientific discipline and the chief message. Its function of engineering is alone and the function of scientific discipline is unusual. Its chief message was to ‘be careful’ because every small or large thing ‘has an consequence on person. somewhere’ . This message is true and can be incorporated in life every bit good as engineering. This is why I know that ‘A Sound of Thunder’ was an overall better pick of sci-fi fiction than ‘Nethergrave’ . Plants Cited * Skurzynski. Gloria. Nethergrave pg. 313-324* Bradbury. Ray. A Sound of Thunder pg. 287-301

Seligram case solution free essay sample

The Seligram, INC. should consider consultant’s three-overhead-pool system. Though cost of five components are not necessary lower than costs of traditional system, multiple cost pool have clearly reflect additional cost driver in ETO. Two out of five components, as indicated in the chart, CADACITOR and AMPLIFIER, showed reduction in the overall costs. Also, further splits in overhead costs, Main Room and Mechanical overheads, decreased 67% of overhead cost of Cadacitor and 4% of overhead of Amplifier from costs of traditional approach. Such reductions suggest that cost pools have appropriately traced to each testing activities. Yet, the company can mix cost pools to improve costing analysis. Two components, ICA and ICB, show that they consume the most labor hours in both testing rooms. In reality, cost analysis based on consult’s assessment, both costs increased 19% and 20% of the traditional costing system. Both components illustrated labor intensive nature; however, the multiple cost pools failed to reflect their illustrated nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Seligram case solution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The overhead costs allocated to direct labor costs have proved to be the ideal cost analysis. In short, illustrated nature of activities may not necessarily match the assuming cost pools in these components. Q5 The new machine should consider as a separate cost center. The ETO is investing a huge amount of money for one or two customers. The existing cost system transfers cost on other customers and increase the price, and drive them away. This is unfair. We can see it clearly in the appendix. In table1, the new machine drives the machine rate much higher. In table2, the new machine rate dramatically varies in the first three years. It is unreasonable to simply add this burden to the exist burden, this can be shown on table2 (column Total new main room rate). Since the direct labor of new machine is more expensive, we can add this to the new hour rate. This can make the new cost center easy to calculate. Given that the machine hour and burden of the main room and the mech. Room will not change in 8 years, we should use an integrated rate contained three parts in new machine cost pool. a) The sum of depreciation, engineering requirement, and fixed part of the estimated OH divided by the machine utilization hour, b) variable part of the estimated OH divided by the machine utilization hour c) DL cost per hour.

The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay Example

The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay Example The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay The way the play shows the differences between the generations, with particular references to Mr Birling and Sheila Essay Essay Topic: Literature The differences between the generations are very clear. Even at the very beginning of the play it is shown: Sheila: Youre squiffy Mrs Birling: What an expression, Sheila! Here it is showing that Mrs Birling does not really understand how the younger people talk. It means that the audience can see at once that there is a difference between the younger people and the older people. The difference between Sheila and Birling are not shown until later on in the play. The first signs of the generation gap is in Act 2, where Sheila says: Dont interfere, please, Father. Gerald knows what I mean, and you apparently dont This is the first real sign of tension. It makes the audience more sympathetic towards Sheila, because her father does not understand what has happened between her and Gerald. This is because the older generation do not understand how the younger generation work out their problems. Sheila has already explained how she and Gerald should sort the problems out, but her father still thinks that he can fix the situation. The main difference between Sheila and Birling is shown after the Inspector leaves. It is whether the Inspector was really a police inspector, and whether it matters if he was or not: But it doesnt make any real difference, yknow Sheila is sympathetic towards Eva, whereas Birling is more concerned about his public image. The audience are sympathetic towards Eva, and so it makes them feel resentful towards Birling. This shows a clear division between the two generations, and how they view the situation. This has a dramatic impact on the audience. They will not have viewed Birling in this way until he seems unsympathetic towards what happened to the girl. They feel betrayed by his character. Birling accuses Sheila and Eric of telling the Inspector too much, however, he defends his wife: No, not you, my dear. But these two Birling wants to clear his conscious and blame someone else, whereas Sheila wants to share the blame, and accept her responsibility. The audience feel that Birling has a weak character because he has to side with his wife, and blame his children. They feel that no one should blame their children in this way, and so they are unsympathetic towards Birling.

Marketing content Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing content - Assignment Example Digital marketing is about having no second thoughts, you can do better in shorter time, with less money, effort, friendlier, whenever you feel like it and have time, with whatever resources. SECTIN B - KEY ISSUES IN DIGITAL MARKETING Chapter 1. Digital Marketing The new rules of marketing in a digital age (Wiley 7). While evolving throughout time, economy has been creating new sets of rules to conduct itself. Obviously, marketing has met with brand new evolution, thing which made us orientate towards its new meanings of expression. Nevertheless, â€Å"their success ultimately depends on their acceptability to the consumer† (Wiley 7). In the new era of business, companies have resorted to developing a one-to-one relationship with their clients so as to take the relationship to a new level which should encompass the new demands of the public (Wiley 7). In their book, â€Å"Wiley e-Book†, Wiley et al. ... virtual communities design for customer-led positioning expand the role of branding in the global portfolio leverage consumers as coproducers through customization use creative pricing in the priceline.com world create anytime-anyplace distribution and integrated supply chains redesign advertising as interactive and integrated marketing, communication, education, and entertainment reinvent marketing research and modeling as knowledge creation and dissemination use adaptive experimentation redesign the strategy process and supporting organizational architecture† (Wiley 8). This classification comes as a response to the actual and novel needs of consumers, who show a great power of adaptability and needs that are never fully satisfied. The role of the Internet in transforming Marketing (Rowan 4). In its early years Internet was â€Å"simply another communication medium† (Rowan 4). It was used more to inform than to transmit a message, thoughts, feelings, the utter mission of the company and it was treated likewise with moderate indifference cause it was thought of serving no purpose. â€Å"In the past customers seem to have had little control over their involvement in company Marketing programmes† (Rowan 5). As there was the habit of finding out about the product and ultimately buying it or on the contrary, refusing to buy it, customers didn’t expect much from the companies. Nowadays, the perspective changed to the extent of giving the client the opportunity of â€Å"communicating their interest to the company being promoted†, thus participating in the improvement of the company’s approach, as far as the client is concerned (Rowan 6). Rowan made a point when concluding to three main ideas that would enhance customers’ influence over companies, that is: â€Å"ideas of

International Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Assignment Example It was started in 1940 by Dick and Mac McDonald as the drive-in McDonald’s Bar-B-Q restaurant in California, with the current restaurant format debuting in 1948 at the same location. In 1949, it introduced its legendary French Fries and Triple Thick Milkshakes. In 1954, the company franchised for the first time through Ray Kroc, which marked the beginning of rapid expansion of its business. In just four years, it expanded from 100 outlets in 1959 to 500 outlets in 1963. It went public in 1965 and began international operations in Canada in 1967. By 1983, McDonald’s operated 7778 outlets and as of 2011, it operates 34000 outlets in 118 countries around the world, of which 80% are franchised (McDonald’s, 2013a; McDonald’s, 2013b). It has 1.8 million employees and is listed in all major stock exchanges such as, NYSE and LSE (NYSE Euronext, 2012; London Stock Exchange plc, 2013). McDonald’s offers a variety of products in its home country of U.S such as , hamburgers, sandwiches, wraps, fried chicken items, salads, oatmeal breakfast, burritos, hotcakes, French fries, coffee, smoothies, yogurt, milkshakes, juices, ice cream, pies and cookies. Most of the products are available worldwide, with a few exceptions. On the other hand, it offers regional products in various countries that are not available in the U.S. Some of the country-specific products include McArabia wrap in the Middle East, McSpicy Paneer burger in India and Bubur Ayam chicken porridge in Indonesia (McDonald’s, 2013c; McDonald’s, 2013d; McDonald'sâ„ ¢ India, 2013a; McDonald's Indonesia, 2013). Rationale behind internationalization Since its inception, profit maximization was one of the prime motives of the business model, besides gaining maximum market share and attaining a vast service network. Throughout its history, McDonald’s Corporation received a hugely positive reception and enjoyed a virtually competition-free environment during its gro wth, with the only direct competitor being White Castle that operated since 1921. The global influence of U.S. and the American culture being perceived as the right way of life also triggered a positive brand image of the company outside U.S., even before it began international operations. Thus, the rationale behind internationalization of McDonald’s Corporation can be summarized as profit maximization, market share maximization, making good use of the positive brand image created internationally and gaining first mover’s advantage in foreign countries. Today, the company operates in 118 countries and is considered as a symbol of American culture (McDonald’s, 2013a; White Castle Management Co., 2013). Mode of entry in foreign countries The different modes of entry that are available to a company are exporting products and distributing through a regional outlet, contracting another company to set up the complete business infrastructure for the entering company in exchange for a fee (known as a turn-key project), teaming up with a local partner to jointly share investments and profits (known as joint

Identify the heightened audit risks areas of James Cropper Plc and Case Study

Identify the heightened audit risks areas of James Cropper Plc and carry out the audit procedures to reduce audit risk to an acceptable level of one area - Case Study Example The converting segment on the other hand offers picture mat boards printable boards and a selection of of laminated and coated papers. The Technical Fibre Products is in charge of non-woven materials used in different areas such as the engineering of composites thermal insulation, fire protection and other insulations. The areas of operation of the company comprise of Europe, United Kingdom, America, Asia, Africa and Australasia having been headquartered in the United Kingdom. Today’s business has been changing with a very tremendous speed. The business world has become constant in that it is changing constantly making it unpredictable, complex and very volatile. This has in turn changed the previous levels of risks increasing them to tremendous levels. The idea of risk now moves along with all business models, making it one of the very necessary evils. The regulators on the other hand have not been able to deliver any reprieve on the same. They have also complicated their regulations in an effort to control all of these changes in the business world. They have also increased their requirements for transparency from the businesses on how they carry out their businesses (PriceWaterHouse Coopers). For any business in operations one of the most important activities that the business needs to keep in touch properly is on the risk assessment process. This process is explained as the systematic process through which one is able to identify and evaluate events that could affect the achievements of the various business objectives both positively or negatively. Such activities could be both from the interior as well as the exterior meaning that this process should be done from both sides. While risk assessment is important, of more importance is the process through which one is able to extract their real value of the businesses. The main challenge with poor administration of risks is the fact that they still pose a major challenge for business is

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay

Control The Speed Of The DC Motor Engineering Essay Direct current (DC) motor is applied in a wide range of applications particularly in automation technology due to minimal voltage consumption. In the proposal DC motor plays an effective role in Hardware implementation. The main principle behind the project is to use the cascade control to run the DC motor; its one of best feedback controllers. For estimating the velocity and the armature current of the DC motor with 24 volts and a dsPIC Microcontroller is programmed .The above all operation is done in a closed control loop function. Table of Contents 1.2 Objective 2. Specific Aims of the project Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Brushed DC Motor DC motor model Digital control of dc motor Advantages of dc with respect to speed control Analogue control of dc motor 2.1 ds PIC dsPIC30f 3010 2.2 MPLAB IDE 3. Design and Research Cascade control Currentloop dynamics Speed loop dynamics 3.1 Components for controlling 24v brushed Dc motor 3.1. Flexible inverted board 3.2.1 Generating PWM wave forms 3.1.2 H-Bridge converter 3.2 Software techniques used in DC motor Programming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board 4. Results and Discussion 5. Conclusion 6. Appendix List of Figures FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor FIGURE2: General block diagram of speed loop and current loop of DC Motor FIGURE3: H-bridge converter with different voltage VÃŽÂ ± VÃŽÂ ² CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective The main function of the project is to control the speed of the DC Motor using a dsPIC30f3010 microcontroller. For that implement a separate hardware to satisfy the main function of the project. 1.2 Specific Aim of the project In order to achieve the main core of the project, construct Hardware for controlling the speed control of DC motor. The main hardware requirements are ds PIC microcontroller ICD interface connector for system interface DC power supply MOSFET Current sensors The above components are required to construct a hardware called Flexible Inverted Board [4]. 1.3 OUTLINE OF PROJECT Step1 In this paper a flexible inverted board is constructed with the series of hardware components Step2 Then communicate the Flexible inverted board with system using MPLAB IDE software with ICD-3 interface [4].the language used in the MPLAB software is C-language. Step3 The speed loop and the current loop are the two important functions for controlling the speed of the Dc motor. In our project the key point is to control both the loops by C-programming language using MPLAB ICD-3. The speed loop of the microcontroller is called speed controller and the current loop of the microcontroller is called current controller. CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR REVIEWS 2 Background 2.1 Brushed DC Motor In automotive industries DC motor is used widely in fuel pump control, electronic steering control, engine control and electric vehicle control [6]for its cost effective and it is used in many applications like pulp and paper industries, fan pumps, press, winder motors [2],home appliances, washers, dryers and compressors[6] are some of the best examples. DC motor is one of the important hardware employed in this paper, it consists of a rotor and stator, and the parts are placed in a permanent magnetic field. Commutator and brush are placed in between the rotor and stator. Positioning the brush at a particular direction in the rotor is classified into some categories and they are radial, trailling or leading [3] positions. When the rotor rotates the commutator and carbon brush interface at a point, which produces an enormous amount of magnetic field from the brush of the motor and it produces current to the armature winding of the Dc motor. FIGURE 1: Operation of BRUSHED DC Motor[a] 2.2 DC Motor model [8] Each motor will have different specification and requirements. According to motor requirements and details the model can be designed. The aim of motor model, deals with controlling the applied voltage of both speed and current. The basic model for a Dc Motor is shown below FIGURE2: DC Motor model The above diagram is a simple RL circuit. RL circuit is called resistance inductance circuit and a 24v DC Motor. All these components combine to form RL circuit. Now the derivation part of the RL circuit is explained below T (t) = J w is the Angular velocity J is the moment of inertia B is the friction T is the armature Torque T (t) = (t) is the Torque constant is Armature current According to Kirchhoffs law (t) (t) = (t) + and are the inductance and resistance for the armature current (ia) The electromotive of the motor can be determined by multiplying the back emf with speed The relationship for the electromotive force is shown below (t) = The state model for any DC motor using ia and w (speed) is mentioned below. = + 2.3 ds PIC -microchip ds PIC stands for Programmable Interface Controller or programmable intelligent computer, which act as an important controlling unit for entire system. The main objective of this project is to make the ds PIC to generate 6PWM waveform. In an ideal condition the waveform from the pulse width modulation can control the H-bridge converter. It not only serves as an interface controllers but also plays a role of a programmable logic controller (PLC). [16,20] ds pic has a memory of 16bit microcontroller that has two major functions. Firstly it can act as a software part serving software functions and the other is a hardware part serving hardware functions. The input signals that are attain from the feedback serve system are received by the software part which in turn utilizes the codes that are written on the chip on C language to analyze the input and operate the hardware. Finally the software makes sure the hardware runs based on the software functions to gain the required output. [18, 20] Our project concentrated on working experiments that were run at lab conditions. Since a couple of systems have certain differences from the stimulation that have been run in real conditions compared to ideal conditions. This in turn is the working of the microcontroller. dsPIC30F 3010, 2010 4011 and 3012 are the series of chips that have been available in the Lab. The letter F in ds PIC30F and such chip states that the chip contains flash memory. The reason for considering this flash memory product is because 30F has an ex-ordinary performance when compared to EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and one time programmable chips (OTP). This has been a major requirement for the running of this project to get the required output. 16-bit modified Harvard architecture has been added to the CPU containing ds PIC30F for utilizing the data and upgrading the set of guide lines for running digital signal processing (DSP) [14]. There is a lengthy flexible opcode field which has been installed in the CPU that has a 24 bit wide user programmer memory area and the total addressing speed can go up to 4MÃÆ'-24 bit. This programming model has sixteen 16bit working registers in ds PIC30F chip. There are two classes of introduction controlling unit that have been integrated and used for execution they are integrated and used for execution [2]. 2.3.1 dsPIC30F 3010 This section is about the pin configuration and the components available in dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller. Normally the memory allocation in dsPIC30F 3010 can classified in to three categories they are SRAM in Bytes EEPROM in Bytes Programmable memory in Bytes/instruction 2.3.1.1 SRAM SRAM stands for static RAM (Random Access Memory). According to the tabulation shown below the data limit for static RAM should not exceed 1024 bytes. The memory in the function can classified in two types they are X Data RAM Y Data RAM The static RAM uses X -RAM and Y_RAM for storing datas. 2.3.1.2EEPROM The memory allocation for EEPROM is same as static RAM. In read only memory one of the important types of ROM used to store memory is EEPROM. The main function of this ROM is based on two parameters they are endurance and retention [2]. Endurance is to retain the data even after the ROM fails. Therefore the data cant be deleted at any instant. Time period is required to store data that is taken care by retention [2]. 2.3.1.3Program memory In a particular program ds PIC30f microcontroller has a separate memory allocation for storing both the address and data. The memory limit for the program memory is 24K. program address space anda data address space TABLE 1: Tabulation for memory allocation in ds PIC30f3010 The pin configuration of dsPIC30f3010 is described below FIGURE 3: Pin configuration of dsPIC30F 3010[2] Pin descriptions (PWM1L and PWM1H), (PWM2L and PWM2H) (PWM3L and PWM3H) [2] these are six different types PWM channels used in the pin configuration. In which each PWM pair generates three duty cycles with one high output (H) and one low output (L). INT0, INT1INT2 are the interrupt buffers used in the PIC. VSS and VDD [2] are the supply voltage and ground in the PIC controller. U1RX U1TX, U1ARX U1ATX [2] are the series of pins used for communicating PIC microcontroller with PC, in other system interface operation can be done by UART function. In that RX stands for receiver and TX stands for transmitter. The above pin function plays an important in our project. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Components for controlling 24v brushed Dc motor Since the project is fully based on hard ware so many components are available and how they work in that operation. 3.1.1Cascade control operation in Dc Motor: The below operation is done by using Double cascaded layout, it consists of two loops they are current controller with current reference and speed controller with speed reference [5] as shown in . FIGURE4: General block diagram of speed loop and current loop of DC Motor [b] The current loop is covered by the speed loop, in the block diagram it has the two circles inner circle is called inner loop and the outer circle is called outer loop since the inner circle operation is always quicker than the outer circle. In other words inner circle performance is multiple of ten times quicker than the remaining one. The cascade control principle is mainly used in our project to maintain the speed of the motor at a constant level and the current loop in the cascade control is the armature current and it is otherwise called as torque. Sometimes armature current may exceed the limit to avoid this situation in cascade control, it has limiter, and the main function of the limiter is to limit the values of the armature current. For example To limit the armature current to 64volt i.e. 1 ampere. So that the armature wont exceed those limits since the limiter is available in cascade control. The speed controller in the cascade control used to produce demand current ia*. Th e motor runs to overcome the demand current values. The demand current value will always higher than the normal current values. So that the speed motor gradually increases. PI controller(proportional Integral controller) Current controller Speed controller The above all components construct a cascade controller and the function each component is described below 3.1.1.1PI controller (proportional and integral controller) In cascade controller function various controllers are used for detecting the speed and control of the motor, but PI controller is recommended as high efficient controller because it consist to constant gain Kip and Kid. By manually tuning the gain of both Kii and Kpi will reduce the steady state error and the stability of the system will be increased. In recent survey more than 70% cascade controller used PI controller for controlling the speed control DC Motor. In order to reduce the steady state error in the closed loop system, gradually increase the proportional gain constant Kp. As the gain of the Kp increases the steady state error in the system decreases. But the stability of the system will not be stable. To make the system stable, integral term Ki is introduced in the system. When both the proportional and integral term sum each other to reduce the steady state error and make the system stable .the above two functions can be done simultaneously in the PI controller. The math ematical expression for PI controller is explained below. FIGURE 5: PI controller of a closed loop function [1] Kp-proportional gain Ki-Intergral gain Y- Output of the PI controller Err-Error in the PI controller At the beginning error (Err) will pass through both Kp and Ki. For proportional gain the output is Kp Err y1= Kp Err eqn1 [1] y2 = eqn 2 [1] y = y1 + y2 eqn 3 [1] eqn 4 [1] The key point in this PI controller is the error Err in intergral gain Ki will be integrated. so that the steady error will be reduced and the system will be stable. 3.1.1.2Current controller The current controller in the closed loop functions of the cascade control. The current loop is also called as current controller. It is used to protect cascade circuit from damage. The main function of the cascade function is to control the speed. Before controlling the speed the current of the controller should be controlled. The current obtained from the closed loop function is from armature circuit of the DC Motor [7].the input in the current controller is the back emf (ia*). Power converter is mainly used to improve the control in the system. It has high switching frequency, since the power converter in the current loop is very quick. The output of the converter is armature voltage (Va). (-E) is the disturbance occurred in the current loop, in order avoid the disturbance -E ia ia* RL CIRCUITT Power Converter PI FIGURE 6: Functional block diagram of Current controller The disturbance is added along with RL circuit, and the equation is shown below Va = (S La + Ra) ia + E The function of the RL circuit is reduce complexity Va is Armature voltage. ia is armature current (trying to control) Ra is Armature resistance E is Disturbance RL = 1/(S La + Ra) Current loop is carried out by transmitting the from ia(armature current) to ia*(demand armature current). As quick as possible without making the over shoot getting so high. If the over shoot is high it creates problem to the converter. Similarly when the gain values (Kp and Ki) increases in PI controller the over shoot value reduces, but the same time there is more amount of oscillation which may affect the system. Care should be taken in choosing both Kp and Ki values. ts ia ia** FIGURE 7: graph for armature current vs settling time ia Armature current ia* Demand armature current ts Settling time 3.1.2 Flexible inverted board The major hardware has been designed and implemented as Flexible inverted board. It consists of many components they are dsPIC30F3010 microcontroller, H-bridge converter and dc motor. The functions of these hardware components are explained earlier. The above all operation is implemented in a single hard ware called flexible inverted board. FIGURE 8: Functional block diagram of Flexible inverted board 3.1.2.1 IR2130 gate drive circuit: There are three input signal generator blocks which are capable of providing two outputs each gives the inputs to the six output drivers. L1, L2 and L3 are signal generators which drive precisely the three low-side output drivers although H1, H2 and H3 signal generators must be level shifted before it is fed to the high-side output drivers. The floating points of the driver, gate charge requirements of the power switch and the maximum power switch ON times receives power from three bootstrap capacitors C1, C2 and C3. Bootstrap capacitors also feed supply to the internal floating driver current. Once these energy requirements are met there must be considerable amount of charge still on the 8.3V nominal to prevent stopping. D7, D8 and D9 should be super-fast. VCC level seen by an under-voltage detector circuit gives an input to outlaw six outputs of the signal generator circuits. Current sensor R1 derives the ITRIP signal in the main power circuit of the motor when it is segregated with a 0.5 volt reference to outlaw the six signal generator outputs. ITRIP inputs sets up a fault logic circuit which in turn gives open drain TTL output for system gesture. FIGURE 9: Circuit diagram for IR2130 gate drive circuit 3.1.2.2Trim port function with PWM Trim port are small in size and they are very small in size .it is mainly used in many PCB construction board since its occupies less space. The trim port act like a potentiometer and it is otherwise called as trimmer [ ]. By tuning the trim port, resistance value can be minimized or maximized. For example if a 50ohm resistance can be tuned by trim port from 0 50. The two leg of H-bridge converter produce two pulse wave form one with low output (1L) and another one with high output (1H). The duty ratio of the PWM wave form can adjust using trim port. 3.1.2.3DC MOTOR ENCLOSED WITH A ENCODER The best methods of calculating the speed of the DC motor is using optical encoder method. It consists of a disk, Light Emitting Diode (LED) and optical sensor [6]. The disk is fitted with the rotor, as the rotor rotates the disk starts spinning along with the rotor and it is placed in between the LED source and the light sensor. Once the rotation starts the disk passes through the LED source and the optical sensor gets started, from which the speed of the motor can be calculated because the optical sensor acts like a tachometer. In other words the encoder in the DC motor is otherwise called as speed detecting sensors. [6] 3.1.2.4 H-Bridge converter DC motor runs differential speed, but the applied voltage of the motor varies at every interval of time. Since the voltage is directly proportional speed, as the voltage increases the speed of the motor also increases. Speed can be calculated by tachometer which is in build in the DC motors, the applied voltage can be supplied and controlled by a converter called h-bridge converter. GD GD Gate Drive Circuit FIGURE 10: H-bridge converter with different voltage VÃŽÂ ± VÃŽÂ ²[c] In this H-bridge circuit it produces two unipolar pulse width modulations because it has two leg inverter. Effective modulation takes place only in the first half of the inverter. As a result two variable voltages are generated on either side of the armature winding. In H-bridge, modulation index is represented as (+mi) and the reciprocal of modulation index is represent as (-mi).the motor in our project actually experiencing two pulse width. Both the pulses are inversely proportional to each other producing a unipolar PWM. The two legs in the converter are called the switching signals or switching frequency. Bigger converter relatively has lower frequency and smaller converter has higher frequency. If the frequency in the leg1 is high in contrast the frequency in the leg2 will be low. In our project consider VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² are the switching channels of the H- bridge converter . they are inversely proportional to each other. The carrier signal is called the input frequency . the carrier frequency used in our project is 10khz. According to the carrier frequency the time period of VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² differs. In C coding VÃŽÂ ± and VÃŽÂ ² is mentioned as PDC1and PDC2 from the below graph FIGURE 11 graphical representation of PWM signals in H- Bridge converter. The output voltage of the h-bridge converter can be obtained both negative and positive voltage distribution [1]. Pulse width modulation in the h-bridge converter helps to control the armature circuit of the DC motor [1]. Maximum armature current (torque) can be obtained by comparing time constant of both field winding and the armature winding [1]. Since the motor is connected directly to the field windings supply voltage in the field winding is more when compared with the armature winding. To maintain equal time constant in both field and armature winding [1], the applied voltage in the armature winding should be increased, as the armature current increases the torque output is maximized [1]. 3.1.3 Generating PWM wave forms As the torque output gets maximized, pulse width modulation is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the disturbance in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequency level of the H-bridge converter at a higher range. As the torque output gets maximized, pulse width modulation is introduced in the H-bridge system to avoid the disturbance in the armature current.it can be done by increasing the frequency level of the H-bridge converter at a higher range. FIGURE 12: Diagrammatic representation of the pulse width modulation is shown below [6] The below specification is referred from [6] Ton Time is ON (applied voltage) Toff Time OFF (applied voltage) T Time period. Duty cycle =. The average voltage of the DC motor can be shown in an equation below Average = Duty cycle ÃÆ'- Vin [6] When the motor is running at a constant speed the back emf of the motor is also remain constant. As the back emf remain the same the motor running at constant speed and the armature current (Ia) is zero. PWM is one main part that is required for the operation of cascade control. 4. Software used to drive the Motors 4.1 Programming microcontroller in Flexible inverted board using C-language In the flexible inverter board PIC microcontroller plays a major position in directing the pulse width modulation. The Ton time in the pulse width modulation (PWM) signal can be modulated or controlled by the microcontroller, as the microcontroller varies the time, the velocity of the motor changes with respect to time. The Programing language used in microcontroller is embedded C. The programming codes are downloaded in the microcontroller chip, the downloading approach can be done by a software development tool called MPLAB, this software exists in monitoring the systems, this software should be first installed in the PC, the programmers will write the codes to modulate the PI controller to acquire Applicable source from the current loop of the cascade control function. Once the codes are accepted according to the current loop [1], the programs can be downloaded in the microcontroller through universal serial bus or in circuit Debugger (ICD); ICD is a bus which interfaces PC system and the flexible inverter Board. [6] In order to program the microcontroller examine whether the hardware components are interfaced with the controller. The programming language used for programming the controller is C language. In c-language the datas are classified in to input data and output data. The microcontroller send the information in analogue signal, where the C-language wont accept analogue signals .To avoid the situation ADC converter and encoder interface are introduced in the system. ADC stands for analogue to digital converter; it converts the analogue signal in to digital signals. Then the digital signals get received by the C-program as input data. In turns c-program will send the output data to the PWM unit. UART communication system is a bidirectional so that microcontroller and PC can communicate simultaneously. UART stands for universal asynchronous receiver transmitter. The basic diagrammatic representation for system communication with C-language is shown below FIGURE 13: System communication in C Programming Language. In C-language firstly initialise all the functions required for the speed control of motor. 4.1.1Current sensor input: The current in the motor coils is one important parameter in the effective running of the motor. So it is essential to measure the value of this current. The measurement of the current is performed by using special sensors call Hall Effect Sensors. The range of the current is determined by the rating of the motor. Any over current in the motor can badly damage the motor. The Hall Effect sensors produce a voltage corresponding to the phase current. This is fed to the ADC inputs of the micro controller where it is converted into the digital signals. This is then fed into the microcontroller program. Hence the current needs to be limited within specific limits.CL1, CL2 and CL3 are the three current sensors variables used in this coding. The bit ratio of the ADC input is 10 so the input data ranges from 0 to 1023. The maximum data limit for the current sensor is 1023.so the current sensor value in the C- code is initiated as CL1 = 511; CL2 = 511; CL3 = 0; 4.1.2 Encoder input: For any speed controller, the actual speed of the rotor forms the basis for the control signals. The speed control signal can be changed only if there is an error between the actual speed of the rotor and the desired speed of the rotor. If the measured speed is less than the desired speed then the PWM pulses are varying accordingly to increase the speed. To perform this action a shaft encoder is used. The shaft encoder uses an opto-mechanical system to generate pulses. These pulses then are used to derive the speed of the rotor. A reference pulse is used as an indicator to count the pulse. This information is fed to the microcontroller, which then uses a special timing circuit that processes these encoder pulses. The motor speed to be accessed by the microcontroller needs to be stored in a variable within the micro controller code. The variable used in this program is a variable called rpm. This variable is accessed to calculate all functions related to the motor speed. 4.1.3 Pulse Width Modulation: The MOSFETs in the circuit is used as switches. These MOSFETs are switched according to a PWM. To drive these MOSFETs a gate driver circuit is required. The gate drive signal generates the voltage required for the operation of these MOSFETs. The PWM is generated by the microcontroller according to the program and is supplied to the gate drive circuit. The PWM signals are separate for each if the 3 legs of the MOSFET inverter. Each of the PWM requires a modulation index to generate the signal. These modulation indexes are stored in a register. The registers are named as PDC1, PDC2, and PDC3. These variables are very crucial in generating the PWM signals for the MOSFET drivers. Since data limit is 1023. 4.1.4 Initializing the code in C language Before performing any function in C-language, it requires an initialisation. It is important to initializing the variable of a function. Some the functions are initialized below. Init PORT () This function initialize the digital input and output port or analogue input and analogue output of the microcontroller. Init UART () It is one of pin in the microcontroller .The main function of the UART is used for bidirectional communication with PC. Since UART can able to detect the transmission speed in data transfer between the microcontroller and PC. The maximum transmission speed is around 19200.the data transfer wont exceed the limit. Init PWM ( ) The input frequency of our PWM signal is 10kHz.the time limit for the modulation index is around 0-1474.in the h-bridge converter has two legs so each leg produces a PWM signal with a maximum time limit of 0-737. Hence the Ton time of PWM signal will be in 1:1 duty ratio. Init ADC ( ) It is used to convert the analogue signals in to digital signals. In the microcontroller there are five pins reserved for the ADC inputs. During the data transmission ADC functions plays a important role in interrupting the signal. An initialisation is required for the interrupt to perform any function in C- language. Init CAPTURE ( ) The capture function is mainly used to measure the frequency and time period of the PWM wave form generated from the two legs J30 and J31 pins of the H-bridge converter InitTimer3 ( ) and InitTimer1 ( ) To set initial time in the microcontroller for the capture function and timer 1 set the starting time for the interrupt function happened in the UART communication system. Interrupts: Interrupts are occurred only during the data transfer, when the transmission speed that is the baud rate is known means the interrupts can be added to the system easily.in our project the baud rate is 19200.the main function of the interrupt is used synchronize time period of PWM with the speed loop and the current loop of the motor. In our project four different type of interrupt service routine are used. They are ISR_ADCInterput ( ) This interrupt is triggered when the ADC finishes its conversion and hence its get synchronized to the microcontroller PWM time base. From this all the application control code to be implemented in this interrupts service routine. ISR_T1Interput ( ) The various information to the PC is transferred by using the UART communication link in this interrupts service routine. All the variables that are needed to be mentioned in this routine using standard C function sprint ( ). ISR_U1RXInterput( ) Various information is transferred from the PC in to the C program. This routine concedes us to regulate the aspects of the program when it is running. ISR_IC1Interput( ) It measures the speed value from timing data that are attained in the input capture module. FIGURE 14 The connection diagram for the speed control of Dc motor is shown above CHAPTER 5 5 Results and discussion As discussed earlier the various functions of hardware components in this project, this section discusses the details regarding how the project deals with comparing and evaluating the results. Project has a series of steps; each step is assigned with different operation techniques to execute the final results. 5.1 Initial connection test between MPLAB IDE and Flexible inverted Board Initially the system needs to be interfaced using the flexible inverter board. This operation is performed by conne

Gilligan’s Perception of Morality in An American Story :: American Story Essays

Gilligan’s Perception of Morality in An American Story Though individuals live by and react similarly to various situations, not all people have the same morals. I can relate to instances where I have supported a belief, regardless of the criticisms that arise, all because my choice is based upon personal morals. The same can be said regarding Debra J. Dickerson as she expresses in her novel, An American Story. In Carol Gilligan’s â€Å"Concepts of Self and Morality,† she states, â€Å"The moral person is one who helps others; goodness in service, meeting one’s obligations and responsibilities to others, if possible without sacrificing oneself† (170). After considering this statement, I strongly feel that Gilligan’s proposal lacks the depth to accurately characterize the moral person, but I am able to accept the argument raised by Joan Didion. Her essay entitled, â€Å"On Morality,† clearly provides a more compelling and acceptable statement in describing the moral person by saying, â€Å"I fo llowed my own conscience, I did what I thought was right† (181). Joan Didion’s proposal is precise and acceptable. It is obvious that as long as people follow what they believe is the right thing to do, and approach the situation maturely, their actions can be considered examples of morality, and they can then be considered moral human beings. A moral person goes beyond the phrase, â€Å"without sacrificing oneself,† provided by Gilligan in her essay. This is clear by looking back at a specific example. I can recall a time when an entire class of mine decided to play a trick on a teacher in high school. They planned on manipulating her by telling lies in regard to what she had assigned and made her feel embarrassed. I wanted not to be part of these hurtful actions, so rather than tagging along as most of the other students, I did something about it. I stood my ground and as the students told one lie after another, I raised my hand and made her aware of the prank that was being executed. Though everyone looked upon me as the one who spoiled everything, the simple gesture of raising my hand revealed my morals to the class. At the time, I followed my conscience and followed through with what I thought was right, whether others agreed with me or not. This clearly supports and exemplifies Didon’s explanation o f the moral person.

Developmental Behavioral

The following concepts are explained by definition and I have provided examples of each as they apply to the developmental behavioral approach. The first one I will discuss Is Negative Reinforcement, This Is the strengthening of a behavior by the removal of an unpleasant consequence. An example of this might be a toddler having a tantrum every time you take his pacifier away, but then as soon as he gets it jack the tantrum stops.So by giving It back to him the behavior was negatively reinforced by the tantrum stopping and us, giving it back to him every time he cries. There are several other concepts that will be discussed next. Intrinsic Reinforcement: Feelings of pleasure and personal satisfaction derived from working on accomplishing a task, discovering something new, or seeing a problem. An example of this is, a child learning to write may get frustrated if they can't get it down Immediately. With a little encouragement and praising the child will continue to try ND not give up.P ositive Reinforcement: Something that follows a response and results in the increase of that particular response. A pleasant consequence. Examples are, helping a child achieve balance when learning to ride a bike, sitting next to the child when they are working hard on an art project, asking questions, nodding and thumbs up on a good Job. Natural and Logical Consequence: Natural consequence would occur without a parent's or teacher's intervention. Logical consequence is determined by an adult that is related to the child's original inappropriate behavior.Examples of these are, a child refusing to take a nap so that they can stay up late to watch their favorite show, consequence Is they child falls asleep early and misses their show. Another example is a child purposely coloring on the table when told not to do that the consequence might be that the child will have to clean that table as well as the other tables. Withdrawing or Withholding Reinforcement: Taking away something special . A child being told several times to share the blocks or they may not play with them.The child continues to be mean so he consequence Is that the blocks get taken away. Incompatible Behavior: an inappropriate and an appropriate behavior can't take place at the same time. A child listening to a story and another child shouts out. The two things can not be done at the same time by the same child t n the Child being Good' Respond positively and reinforce the good behavior. If a child is playing in housekeeping and they are sharing nicely when they normally would not. The child should be praised for doing such a good Job sharing.Reminders, Redirection, Reprimands: A gentle reminder o not do something usually works if it doesn't then a very stern â€Å"NO† at eye level may be needed, followed by a brief explanation. If the child still insists on doing it then they may need to be removed from the situation briefly. The sand box is a good example. The child throwing sand after bein g reminded not to several times might need to sit briefly why throwing sand is not the right thing to do. This brings me to my last few examples. Sit and Watch and Time Out: Sit and watch is a mild time out for children who have a hard time understanding expectations.It meaner the child sits out for a min or two to watch the other children playing appropriately. Time out is an extreme reinforcement it includes removing the teachers attention, other children, materials and equipment. It should be used as a last resort. An example of this is children spitting or biting, they are told that their teeth are not for biting, if they do it again they need to be removed to think about it. They should sit for no more then 1 min for every year of age. If it continues a one on one might be needed to help the child lean about his behavior.

ideology history and classical social essays

ideology history and classical social essays Ideology, History and Classical Social Theory Sociology is a very important discipline to study. When you ask yourself where the term, classical sociological theory derives from, the reading Sociological Theory written by David Ashley suggest that certain sociological statements are classical first because they have an ideological significance, and second because they have been instrumental in helping to build sociology as an autonomous discipline and as an institutionalized profession. These two characteristics are not mutually exclusive. To some extent, classical sociological theory was always ideologically interested in its own legitimation. Ashley suggest that sociological theory is often said to have attained its maturity between 1880 and 1920. During this period, sociology was established in its own right in the United States and in many Western European societies Ideology is another term that Ashley defines for us, he says that it is largely a modern invention because it is modernity that was responsible for the breakdown of the dogma and uncertainties associated with traditional societies. He goes on to say that ideology, in short, represents a refusal to accept that present conditions reflect the best of all possible worlds. To put the best possible gloss on ideology, we could say, it is a striving toward truth at a time during which blind adherence to custom, tradition, and habit is loosening its grip on the human mind. When one searches for an appropriate meaning for sociology, many definitions will come to mind. In her book, Understanding Social Problems, Schacht gives her definition by explaining a scene in the movie Dead Poets Society, with actor Robin Williams who plays an English teacher in a private boys school. She explains how in one scene he asks his students to get out of their seats and, ...

Definite Articles in Spanish

Definite Articles in Spanish A definite article, called an artà ­culo  definido  in Spanish, makes a noun refer to a particular item or items of its class. In English, the definite article  is the. In Spanish, there are five ways to say the. The four most common Spanish definite articles are  el, la, los and las in Spanish. A fifth, less frequently used definite article,  lo,  is sometimes appropriate. Definite articles are also sometimes referred to as definite determiners.  Spanish and English have different rules as to when a definite article is needed or can be omitted. In general, Spanish often uses a definite article in cases where English does not. For example, the English sentence, Mr. Brown is rich, does not have the definite article the. The same sentence translated into Spanish would be, El  seà ±or Brown es ​rico.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹In Spanish, the definite article, el, is used. Agreement in Number and Gender In Spanish, number and gender make a difference. Is the word plural or singular? Are you referring to a male or female or masculine or feminine word? The Spanish definite article must agree with the gender and number of the noun that follows it.   Masculine Form of The The masculine form of the is el if referring to one item, the singular form of the word. For example, the cat is el gato. The masculine and plural form of the, if referring to more than one item, would be los libros, meaning, the books. Feminine Form of The To say the when referring to a singular item that is considered a feminine word, for example, the word door in Spanish is considered a feminine word, puerta. A  speaker would say, la puerta, for the door. To pluralize the word, when referring to more than one door, the proper form of the definite article is, las  puertas. Use of Lo to Mean The Lo  can be used as a neuter, meaning not gender specific, definite article before an adjective to make an abstract noun.  For example,  lo  importante, translates to mean, the important thing, or that which is important. Contraction Using El English has many uses of contractions, such as isnt for is not   or theyre for they are, blending two words together to impart meaning. In Spanish there are only two official contractions in the entire language and they both involve the definite article, el.   The words a el form the contraction al.   For an example, Ella va al auto, means, She is going to the car. A Spanish speaker would literally say, Ella va  a el auto. The contraction al works more smoothly in this case. The words de el form the contraction  del. An example,  El libro es del profesor,  which literally translates to mean, the book is of the teacher, or more smoothly translated, the book is the teachers. The contracted form of  al  usually means to the and  del  usually means of the.

Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance Management - Essay Example er and retailer of specialty coffee, deals with issues of performance management such as setting of standards by the Compensation and Management Development Committee. It has as one of their responsibilities to: â€Å"Annually review and recommend the objective performance measures and the performance targets for executive officers participating in the Executive Management Bonus Plan (whether or not such executive officers are Executive Officers) for approval by the panel of independent directors of the Board and for certifying the performance of such executive officers at the end of each fiscal year.†1 In line with this responsibility, Starbuck came up with an Executive Bonus plan whereby performing executives can make up to 70% of their base salary for meeting performance measures and company’s strategic plan annually. Those concerned with this bonus plane are â€Å"Employees serving in positions of executive vice president and above, as well as certain other senior officers of the Corporation specified by the Compensation Committee†.2 All of this is to meet the mission statement of â€Å"establishing Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow.†3 The mission statement is often followed through meetings of top managers of all Starbuck agencies around the world. One of such follow up meetings was held on March 10th 2008 at Seattle, where the General Manager, Howard Schultz and senior members came up with what is known as â€Å"Howard Schultz Transformation agenda communication number 10†4 in which 7 bold moves to be followed in the coming years; remain the undisputed coffee authority, re-engage into serious business and inspire Starbucks partners, re-ignite company emotional attachment with the customers, expand the company global presence while making each store the heart of the local neighbourhood, remain a leader in ethical sourcing and environmental impact, create innovative

The Power of Music Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Music - Term Paper Example Beyond any doubt, music has a power that goes far beyond the spoken word and enables a person to grasp a feeling that can only be experienced through music. In my own life, there are times where music will make me experience a feeling just by the sound or rhythm of the notes that is unlike anything else. For instance, classical music has always had that effect. Most classical music does not have words or lyrics with it; however, the notes and composition of music impacts the soul in such a way that it can change your mood or force a person’s memory to recall a specific period of time, event or feeling. Whenever I listed to classical music, it calms me down and makes me think more clearly. I always use classical music as a tool for me whenever I am experiencing a lot of stress. However, it does not always have to be classical music. There are times when I exercise that I use rock music to get me excited to work out and push myself harder. I get mad and energized all at the same time. Music has always had the power to alter my mood at any time.

Media theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media theory - Essay Example Psychologist and Sociologists come up with a variety of theories as to why we watch TV. They have said that å… ¸he Mass Media Have a Direct, Immediate and Influential Effect Upon Audiences by é  ¸njectingInformation Into the Consciousness of the Masses(Wikibooks,2011) The fact of the matter is human beings have needed to be entertained since the beginning of time. We need to enjoy our leisure and before TV or even radio, in fact, the natives in the jungles of Africa invented their dances and rituals for their entertainment or self gratification if you want to make it sinister. What interests us is driven by our basic needs and background, our experiences and education. Rather than being controlled, we control the mediaPeople Bend the Media To Their Needs More Readily Than The Media Overpowering Them(Wikibooks,2011 ). We do not have studies theorizing why a person prefers a pair of blue jeans over black and quite frankly who cares. Their reasons are the same as why the watch a pa rticular movie or documentary or sporting event. There is no University degree needed here and there are no psychological or sociological problems, it is simply about a human being their need for leisure and enrtainment.. Television has not changed in the last 20 years only the technology involved in producing the entertainment. Television has become part of our lives for a variety of reasons and we do not need theories and conjectures to manipulate the reasons. Television stations produce on a supply and demand basis and we watch for enjoyment, plain and simple. That is how it was 20 years ago and that is how it will be twenty years from now. The Semiotic Media Theory interprets signs, communicative or culturally that point to the significance of a popularly appreciated phenomena. The cultural and communicative signs to the popularization of Super Bowl are pronounced and far reaching in American History. The human being needs excitement and is

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay Example for Free

Nursing Research Critique Assignment Essay I will be critiquing two different articles. Both studies are nursing studies that evaluate outcomes. I will be following specific key points for a quantitative perspective and a qualitative perspective. There is a guideline that I will be following for each article that includes identifying and examining the data collection and data analysis methodologies used in each study. The names of the articles are The Experience of Patients Undergoing Awake Craniotomy and The Effects of Crossed Leg Blood Pressure Measurement. The references will also be reviewed to determine validity and relationship to the new study. Data Collection Quantitative Study: The operational and conceptual definition is congruent. The key variables were operationalized using the best possible method and with adequate justification. Specific instruments were adequately described and were good choices, given the study purpose, the variables being studied, and the study population. The instrument used specifically was a blood pressure monitor. The blood pressure cuff size, dimensions, and inflation pressure were described. The blood pressure monitor was adequately pretested and calibrated before the study began by a biomedical technician (Foster-Fitzpatrick, Ortiz, Sibilano, Marcantonio, Braun, 1999). It can be determined that the data collection methods provided data that was reliable and valid. The intervention executed was having patients cross their legs and measuring their blood pressure. The intervention was adequately described and implemented. The implementation of the intervention was faithful to its plan (Polit Beck, 2012). The data was gathered by trained nurse researchers (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). The same blood pressure monitor was operated during the data collection to minimize biases (Foster-Fitzpatrick et al. , 1999). Qualitative Study: The methods for gathering data were appropriate and the data was gathered using interviews over a span of 2 days (Palese, Skrap, Fachin, Visioli, Zannini, 2008). It could be determined that triangulation was achieved since the interviews were performed on numerous occasions and during assorted circumstances. The researchers did ask the right questions and make the right observations, which were also recorded in an appropriate fashion. It can be concluded that sufficient data was gathered, given the specifics required to be a factor in this study. The data collected was adequately rich in depth and detail. The data was gathered using interviews with open-ended questions. The interviews were audio-recorded. The data compilation tools were valid and reliable for this study. Data collection was adequately described and appeared appropriate for this type of study. Bias was kept to a minimum. The researchers were to determine and recognize ideas that may have prompted or provoked personal biases, they also had to recognize any personal experiences or beliefs that might have influenced what they were going to hear and report (Palese et al. , 2008). Data Analysis Quantitative Study: Analyses were appropriated to answer the research question and to test the hypothesis. The researchers performed various blood pressure measurements on a sample of hypertensive males to determine if the crossing of a leg has an effect on blood pressure measurements. Appropriate statistical methods were used given the level of measurement and assumptions of the test. However, there was only one specific group that was the variable, 100 hypertensive males whose ages ranged from 31 to 81. Hypothesis testing allows researchers to make objective decisions whether study results likely reflect chance sample differences or true population differences (Polit Beck, 2012). In this study there was no control group. Then, how can we determine that crossing your leg would increase blood pressure. It is challenging to support whether a type I and type II errors were actually minimized or avoided. The intervention studies did not perform an intention-to-treat analysis. All of the participants were treated and there was no omitted information. The participants also did not abandon the study. The problems of missing values were evaluated and adequately addressed. The limitation of the study includes gender and sample size. The researchers discussed the weaknesses with solutions for future studies. The researchers recommend replicating this study using a larger sample size that includes females. They consider that these changes would increase the significance of the results. The findings are discussed and interpreted. Information about statistical significance and confidence interval is presented and reviewed. There was good use of tables and figures that included titles and headings that were clearly and appropriately labeled. The results were also clearly displayed in tables with identifiable titles and labeled headings. The study included descriptive statistics. The study described the main characteristics in the dataset. The mean and standard deviation for each blood pressure measurement was calculated before and after crossing of the legs was performed by the study subjects. Inferential statistics were also present in this study. In order to test mean differences with three or more groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test is used. This research study conducted a repeated-measure ANOVA, which is when there are three or more measures of the same dependent variable for each participant (Polit Beck, 2012). Measuring blood pressure at various intervals and under numerous conditions for the same subject is one incident where this type of testing can be used. . The model for this design was repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance in this study was stated at 0. 05 for all three effects in the model, (before crossing the legs, during legs crossed, and after having crossed the legs). This significance level indicates that researchers accept a risk that out of 100 samples drawn from a population, a true null hypothesis would be rejected 5 times (Polit Beck, 2012). Given the level of measurement and the nature of the hypothesis, the results were adequate. However, I believe that further research is required to have a stronger correlation. A wider sampling population should be used in future research to have more accurate conclusions. Qualitative Study: The data management and data analysis methods were sufficiently described. The data analysis strategy was compatible with the research tradition. It was also compatible with the nature and type of data gathered. The findings are effectively summarized. There was good use of citations from the patient interviews. The researchers were able to abstract concepts that were found in the data collected from the interviews. Although each patient had a unique experience, the researchers were able to categorize concepts from the data that was analyzed. Researchers were able to group these concepts into pre-operative concerns, intra-operative concerns, and post-operative concerns. Since there was limited research conducted on intra-operative experiences there were limits with the ability of being able to link it to previously performed studies. However, the study did recognize the limits it had. Since this is a qualitative study, generally these studies cannot be generalized to the population. Qualitative researchers are not concerned with the general population, but rather with subjects experiences (Polit Beck, 2012). The researchers did acknowledge the importance of the healthcare team members to think about patient’s experiences in order to better understand how to prioritize the needs of the patient (Palese et al. , 2008). I believe that biases were kept to a minimal considering the implementations that the researchers were exposed to at the beginning of the study and before they were exposed to the interviews or observations. The composition and exploration of the data produced genuine and significant descriptions of the experiences that the patients whom were subjects had. Summary After reviewing both articles and critiquing each one, I believe to have a better understanding about the difference between a quantitative research study and a qualitative research study. Data collection should be systematic and meticulous. Both studies gathered their data systematically and meticulously. In view of the statistical analysis, levels of measurement should be defined as nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio level data. Sources of data can be documentary sources as primary and secondary sources, field sources as subjects in person, conditions, environment and events that are observable and measurable, and historical data. Both of the studies also had these types of sources. The methods of collecting data include surveys questioning using interview schedule and questionnaires, observation techniques with the help of structured or unstructured instruments, and measuring with standardized instruments. Both of the studies also used some of these methods for collecting data. The purpose of analyzing data in a study is to describe the data in meaningful terms. For example, the study in reference to blood pressure changes utilized tables for interpretation. Statistics help to answer important research questions and it is the answers to such questions that further our understandings. It is required the researcher to have an understanding of what tools are suitable for a particular research study. Depending on the kinds of variables identified (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) and the design of particular study, number of statistical techniques is available to analyze data. The data collection and data analysis methodologies used varied and followed the particular need of each research study. The researchers followed the research process guidelines and methodologies. Although, both studies had some weaknesses, they were both performed adequately, using appropriate techniques and instruments. They were also both performed with integrity, discussing thei r limitations and weaknesses.

Age Of Reason Essay -- essays research papers

Stein 2 Certain Individuals that lived in the period of time know as the Age of Reason discovered many knew inventions and advancements to improve the quality of life. When experimented with, these advantages brought forth knew ideas to extraordinary people who forever changed the way we look at life. Although many people found these discoveries to bring a great revival to mankind, others rejected these new improvements and felt as if they were defying god. These years were full of discoveries, conflicts, and new visions that of the world. The age of reason brought on many changes to religious, political, scientific, and literary aspects of the eighteenth century. Ever since the beginning of time, religion has been the dominating source of reason. People have turned to prayer and spirituality for a sense of control and understanding in their lives. Not until the years of the age of reason was there an alternative proposed for a better method of interpreting things. This alternative method was science. Although scientific thought spread rapidly, religion was not forgotten. Religion controlled many things science could not. It gave people a sense of why they are here and why things occur. This understanding results in sanity and calmness. During the age of reason, people who kept religion flourishing were Ethan Allen, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and Patrick Henry. In Thomas Paine’s The Crisis, No. 1, he uses vivid imagery and rhetorical techniques to persuade the audience into believing his point. â€Å"Even the expression is impious; for so unlimited a power can belong only to God.†(Paine). In Ethan Allen’s Reason only Oracle of Man, reason is taught through the eyes of an oracle, or someone whom God speaks to the people through. A religious revival that flourished around this point in history was called Deism. Deism beliefs differed in many ways than the traditional religions for it’s major concept was that God spoke through everyone, not only a particular chosen one. Franklin, Paine, and Jefferson all participated as active Deists, abandoning their previous religion from which they were raised. A key aspect that attracted many people to Deism was that its goal was to achieve goodness and prosperity throughout the world. Although this way of thinking seemed to have no faults, there was the share of those who rejected this idea. As rationalism spread in th... ...cements made in the political movement of the age of reason are what give the basis and shape of our successful governments today. The age of reason also contributed a great literary works. Gaining more common sense, authors were able to use more abstract thinking in their writing and talk about truth rather then fantasy or fiction. Some of the great authors of this time include James Madison and Alexander Hamilton (the Federalist Papers), Franklin and Jefferson’s Autobiographies, and Michel Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur (Letters from an American farmer). As literary works were at their peaks, poetry was on the duller, unoriginal side. It was often written in direct imitations of the British and had no thought or reason behind it. Great poetry would be soon to come in the age of romanticism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The age of reason brought on many changes to religious, political, scientific, and literary aspects of the eighteenth century. With advancements, improvements and intelligence improving rapidly through everyone who lived at in that time, the age of reason was more of a turning point in the course of history then just a period of time.